Abstract: Cyberbullying is usually operationalised as a kind of bullying understood as peer aggression that is intentional and continuous, and involves an aspect of imbalance of power between a victim and a perpetrator or perpetrators. Despite the tool used (new media), cyberbullying often takes place within a traditional group (e.g. school class). However, cyberspace gives Internet users the opportunity to attack other individuals: people known only from the Internet, celebrities, teachers, totally unknown individuals or whole groups of people. Involvement in such actions brings suffering to those victimised as well as potential negative consequences for the perpetrators. This article presents a typology of electronic aggression based on qualitative research data (interviews with teachers and students). The typology was validated in a large quantitative survey on a representative sample of Polish 15-year-olds. The survey gives the prevalence of perpetration of different kinds of electronic aggression, as well as s...

Abstract: The thesis is based on the view that science teaching must build on an understanding of the students' culture, priorities and concerns. The empirical material is collected through the ROSE project. ROSE (The Relevance of Science Education) is a comparative project meant to shed light on affective factors of importance to the learning of science and technology. The target population is students towards the end of lower secondary school (age 15). The research instrument was developed in cooperation with an international group of science educators. The resulting questionnaire consisted mostly of closed questions addressing the students' interests, attitudes, plans, views on the environmental challenges, etc. This thesis uses data from more than 26 000 students in 25 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. The research aims were to develop a student typology based on the Norwegian data, to characterise the student types' orientations towards science, and to study Norwegian youth's interests against a background of students from less modernised countries. The results can be summarised under three main conclusions: - Norwegian students can be divided into five student types with distinct orientations towards science. - Students' interests in science are sex-specific. - There are some characteristic cross-national patterns in youth's interests that follow a modern–traditional divide. The results are discussed in the light of sociological theories on youth in late modern societies, especially by drawing on perspectives on the late modern project of identity construction. The students' responses in the questionnaire are interpreted as identity expressions, and the typology is seen as signs of five different social identities. The study has an explorative and data-driven approach. The next step of the analysis has been successively adjusted according to the previous step and results. The following is a brief account for the way through the data material and a summary of the results

Abstract: Role-play, in which learners act out roles in case scenarios, appears to be used across a broad range of discipline areas to address learning across the cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains. This paper describes the development of a prospective typology of role-play learning opportunities derived from role-play scenarios used at one large Australian university. The typology included three categories namely ‘Role-Switch’, ‘Acting’ and ‘Almost Real Life’. As an approach to using role-plays ‘Role-Switch’ as a model overtly focuses on helping students to learn from the inside out, i.e. to understand the actions of either people or things through taking on the role of being this other person or object. The ‘Acting’ model of role-play focuses on developing students practical skills through ‘acting out’ a small group scenario (e.g. patient, professional and observer) that requires the practising of a skill. In the ‘Almost Real Life’ category, students are provided with a role-playing experience, i.e. as ...

Abstract: Using data from the 2006 cohort of the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, we developed a student typology based on student responses to survey items on the National Survey of Student Engagement. We then examined the utility of this typology in understanding direct-assessment learning outcomes, self-reported gains, grade-point average, and persistence from the first to second year of college. Results from linear and logistic regression models indicated there were relationships between student types and the various outcomes, and that an engagement-based student typology could help deepen our understanding of the college student experience and college outcomes.

Abstract: We attempt to provide a definition and a typology of indigenous research on Chinese management as well as outline the general methodological approaches for this type of research. We also present an integrative summary of the four articles included in this special issue and show how they illustrate our definition and typology of indigenous research on Chinese management, as well as the various methodological approaches we advocate. Further, we introduce a commentary on the four articles from the perspective of engaged scholarship, and also three additional articles included in this issue. Finally, we conclude with our suggestions for future indigenous research.

Abstract: The aim of this literature review is to describe and critique what is known about relations between parents and their athlete children in contemporary research. Athlete families are prevalent and in need of research based in family systems theory. I describe a typology of underinvolved, moderately involved, and overinvolved parents. I found themes of parental involvement, pressure, support, and family-level issues. I conclude with suggestions for guiding research on sports parenting with family systems theory.

Abstract: This study explores and interprets relevant literature to construct a typology of benefit sharing arrangements for the governance of social-ecological systems in developing countries. The typology comprises three generic categories of benefit sharing arrangements: collaborative, market-oriented, and egalitarian. We contend that the three categories provide a useful basis for exploring and classifying the different societal arrangements required for governance of social-ecological systems. The typology we present is founded on a related set of explicit assumptions that can be used to explore and better understand the linkages among ecosystem services, benefit sharing, and governance. Issues that are strongly related to sustainability in developing countries form the core basis of our assumptions. Our aim is not to write a definitive exposition, but to spark debate and engage ongoing dialogue on governance and benefit sharing in the field of social-ecological systems.

Abstract: Despite the growing interest in the development of intermodal logistics centers by scholars and public- and private-sector actors, there is no consensus on the definitions of these centers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the literature and propose a unified and standardized typology and hierarchy of logistics centers. Several current terms and definitions are presented and used to establish criteria for creating a combined typology of logistics centers. This information is used to form a hierarchy of facilities according to their size, influence, value-added activities, and function in freight and logistics processes. The resulting typology and hierarchy are useful as a foundation for advancing research in this area.

Abstract: This paper reports on an empirical study conducted within the SME sector in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The findings from this study enabled the creation of a behavioural and operational typology of competitive intelligence practice, one developed from the work of S. Wright, D.W. Pickton and J. Callow (2002. Competitive intelligence in UK firms: A typology. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 20, 349–360). Using responses to questions which indicated a type of behaviour or operational stance towards the various strands of CI practice under review it has been possible to identify areas where improvements could be made to reach an ideal situation which could garner significant competitive advantage for the SMEs surveyed.

Abstract: This paper is a first attempt to classify 30 OECD healthcare systems according to a typology developed by Rothgang et al (2005) and elaborated by Wendt et al (2009) The typology follows a deductive approach It distinguishes three core dimensions of the healthcare system: regulation, financing, and service provision Moreover, three types of actors are identified based on long-standing concepts in social research: the state, societal actors, and market participants Uniform or ideal-type combinations unfold if all dimensions are dominated by the same actor, either belonging to the state, society, or the market Further, we argue, there is a hierarchical relationship between the dimensions of the healthcare system, led by regulation, followed by financing, and last service provision, where the superior dimension restricts the nature of the subordinate dimensions This hierarchy limits the number of theoretically plausible healthcare system types within the logic of the deductive typology The classification of 30 countries according to their most recent institutional setting results in five healthcare system types: the National Health Service, the National Health Insurance, the Social Health Insurance, the Etatist Social Health Insurance, and the Private Health System Of particular relevance are the National Health Insurance and the Etatist Social Health Insurance both of which include countries that have often provoked caveats when allocated to a specific family of healthcare systems Moreover, Slovenia stands out as a special case The findings are discussed with respect to alternative taxonomies, explanatory factors for the position of single countries and most likely trends

Abstract: These authors examine the nature and extent of fluidity in defining the typology of female sex work based on the place of solicitation or place of sex or both places together, and whether sex workers belonging to a particular typology are at increased risk of HIV in southern India. Data are drawn from a cross-sectional survey conducted during 2007-2008 among mobile female sex workers (N = 5301) in four Indian states. Findings from this study address an important policy issue: Should programmatic prevention interventions be spread to cover all places of sex work or be focused on a few places that cover a large majority of sex workers? Results indicate that most female sex workers, including those who are usually hard to reach such as those who are mobile or who use homes for soliciting clients or sex, can be reached programmatically multiple times by concentrating on a smaller number of categories, such as street-, lodge-, and brothel-based sex workers.

Abstract: The relationship of circadian typology with personality has been largely studied in adults, but there are few studies exploring such relationship in adolescents. Adolescence has been associated with a greater tendency to eveningness preference, sleeping problems, poorer academic achievement, earlier substance use, or risky behaviors, and it is suggested that this association might be mediated by personality factors. Given the relevance of identifying the behavioral outcomes of young evening types to detect and prevent health problems, the present study aimed to explore, for the first time, the relationship between sensation seeking and circadian typology in an adolescent sample of 688 students (51.45% boys) from 12 to 16 yrs old. They answered the Spanish versions of the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) and the Junior Sensation Seeking Scale (J-SSS), which includes four subscales measuring Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility. Analyses showed that boys obtained significantly higher scores than girls on J-SSS total score and all subscales except Boredom Susceptibility, whereas evening-type adolescents of both sexes scored significantly higher than neither types and than morning types on J-SSS total score. These results indicate that evening-type adolescents show a greater desire for varied, new, complex, and intense sensations, and they are ready for experiencing more risks than morning types. The implications of this study suggest the need of being aware of individual differences in the SS trait in evening-type adolescents, as well as taking into account the wide variety of behaviors associated with it, either prosocial or antisocial, to design better preventive health and academic programs. (Author correspondence: anna.muro@uab.cat)

Abstract: In this paper the author proposes a possible typology of the use of narrative in occupational science based on an analysis of journal articles from occupational therapy and occupational science literature. The resulting typology identifies usages of narrative that fall into three categories: (a) everyday life, (b) clinical reasoning, and (c) research methodology. The theoretical and methodological interrelations among these categories are explored. This typology contributes to a clearer conceptualization of the various uses of narrative, minimizes terminological confusion, and suggests new extensions through which narrative can be used to study occupation. Recommendations for how this typology can be used to diminish confusion and encourage dialogue are provided.

Abstract: Labeling or categorizing cyclists has been occurring for over a century for a variety of purposes. This paper aimed to test a typology developed for the city of Portland that includes four categories: Strong and the Fearless, Enthused and Confident, Interested but Concerned, and No Way No How. Unlike several other typologies, this one is intended to apply to all adults, regardless of their current cycling behavior. Our analysis used a random phone survey (n=908) of adults in the Portland region that included both land-line and mobile phone numbers; data were weighted to better reflect the population. Adults were put into the four types based primarily upon their stated level of comfort cycling on a variety of facility types, their interest in cycling more for transportation, and their physical ability to bicycle. Nearly all of the sampled population fit clearly into one of the four categories. A majority (56%) of the region’s population fit in the Interested but Concerned category – thought to be the key target market for increasing cycling for transportation. The analysis indicates that reducing traffic speeds and increasing separation between bicycles and motor vehicles, such as through cycle tracks, may increase levels of comfort and cycling rates. Women and older adults are underrepresented among the more confident adults and those who currently cycle for transportation.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the literature on the typologies and taxonomies of business strategies in order to find generic business strategies that a company can follow and to assess whether Porter’s typology shares characteristics with previous studies For this purpose, we analyze 21 typologies and eight taxonomies in journals and strategic textbooks This analysis allows us to identify four generic strategies that are commonly accepted in the literature These generic strategies are differentiation strategies, which consist of three sub-strategies (market, general and innovation differentiation), cost strategies, which consist of the cash flow maximizing and cost leadership sub-strategies, focus strategies which contain the focus cost, focus differentiation, general focus sub-strategies and hybrid strategy Furthermore, we observe another category in which firms follow no specific strategy In the second part of this paper, we compare our findings with Porter’s typology This comparison shows that Porter’s typology is insufficient for explaining other typologies and taxonomies of business strategies

Abstract: Typologies of research topics in a specific area are necessary: they organize scientific knowledge and form a general picture of the field concerned. Typologies of auditing research have been previously developed and used to analyze trends and compare research outputs from different countries, among other purposes. However, the existing classifications are based on a predefined structure generally grounded in a practitioner's approach, which may lead to an ill-defined understanding of the auditing research field.We therefore use an extensive computerized content analysis of 3,143 abstracts from 25 academic journals publishing auditing research, from their year of creation up to the year 2005. Our inductive typology identifies 16 major themes in auditing research. We study their importance and trends, and the contribution of the leading journals. This inductive typology results in a useful organization of auditing research, which may help academics to better understand and study this growing field of research.

Abstract: This paper explores the extent to which women entrepreneurs and their businesses share a set of common characteristics and/or experiences internationally and introduces new research on women entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan. It finds that while women entrepreneurs around the world share many common characteristics, there exist sufficient exceptions or insufficient evidence to validate any unifying typology. Further, that the experiences of women entrepreneurs and the women themselves are not homogenous and that formulation of a typology would be simplistic and, in itself, sexist. The Kazakhstani research introduced suggests the experience of women entrepreneurs there is similar to that of women entrepreneurs in many other countries.

Abstract: Consumers' variety seeking has preoccupied many researchers over the last three decades, and many explanations and models have been produced. The concept is relevant to market segmentation, but it has not been fully explored. This study explores variety seeking in order to derive a consumer typology based on the strength of the disposition to seek for variety, and the intrinsic needs that trigger this disposition. A quantitative methodology is adopted using a sample comprising customers of a large UK-based clothing retailer. Factor and cluster analyses are used to derive a variety-seeking disposition (VSD) typology. Findings indicate four distinct clusters, which differentiate in terms of the strength of VSD and the built-in needs that drive VSD. Clusters also discriminate in terms of behavioural, attitudinal, and demographic variables, including attitude to clothes, brand commitment, interest in fashion, age, gender, education, and occupation. A number of implications derive from this study in r...

Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a typology of different family policy systems in Europe and evaluate their impact on the employment strategy of mothers with care responsibilities for dependent children. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines a typology of family policy regimes in Europe – covering the 26 countries. A typology based on a cluster analysis of macro indicators of family policy – coverage of childcare, effective parental leave and spending on family policies. The cluster analysis is based on data from OECD family data base. Then follows an analysis of the impact of the different family policy regimes on mothers' employment strategies when they return into gainful employment, based on data from the European Social Survey, 2008. Findings – The authors have identified four different family policy models: extensive family policy, long parental leave, family care, and cash for care. For each of the models, different strategies are found for take up of employment for mothers with dependent children. Originality/value – The paper includes 26 European countries, thereby covering the East and Central Europe, which is not the case in most welfare typologies. Furthermore, the authors distinguish clearly in the analyses between the institutional dimension and the outcome – mothers' employment strategies.

Abstract: parker g., spiers g., cusworth l., birks y., gridley k. & mukherjee s. (2012) Care closer to home for children and young people who are ill: developing and testing a model of service delivery and organization. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(9), 2034–2046. Abstract Aims. To report findings of a national survey of care closer to home services for children and young people and a typology based on these findings. Background. Providing care closer to home for children is a policy and practice aspiration internationally. While the main model of such services is children’s community nursing, other models have also developed. Past research has proposed a relatively static typology of services, determined by where they are based, whether they are generic or specialist and whether they provide short- or longer-term input. As services develop, however, this typology needs further elaboration. Methods. A two-stage national survey of all primary care and hospital trusts in England, in mid-2008. Results. In all, 67% of trusts responded to the screening questionnaire and 75% of relevant services to the main stage questionnaire. Thirteen distinct types of services were identified initially. Cluster analysis of delivery and organization characteristics then identified a three-model typology: hospital-based, condition-specific services (36%); children’s community nurses and other community services (45%) and other (mainly therapy-based) services (19%). The models differed in staffing, costs, functions, type of care provided and geographical coverage. Only a third of nurses in teams were paediatric-trained. Conclusion. Care closer to home services are an established part of care for children and young people who are ill. They deal with complex and technical care and can prevent or reduce the length of acute hospital admission. Lack of readily available information about caseloads, case mix and costs may hamper their further development.