Abstract: Little research has systematically examined the concept of being business-like in a non-profit organization setting despite the increased importance of this concept in research, policy, and practit...

Abstract: Constitutions are often designed to check the exercise of power, employing such devices as bicameralism, executive veto power, special majorities, and, nowadays, constitutional adjudication. To an extent, these checks reflect a kind of distrust of those who wield the authority of the state, at least with respect to the protection of individual rights, and that distrust is at its greatest when it comes to the exercise of executive power. Even British constitutional arrangements permit judges to interfere with the executive if they can be persuaded that an administrative action is not authorized by a parliamentary statute. But insofar as modern constitutional governments are limited in this way, they may be somewhat disabled in dealing with emergencies. When the public safety is seriously threatened, there may be a need for quick and decisive action that cannot, perhaps, wait for the deliberate pace of ordinary constitutional rule. This, indeed, is a central dilemma of a liberal constitutional government. The rights and protections it provides and preserves can prevent the government from responding efficiently and energetically to enemies that would destroy those rights and, perhaps, even the constitutional order itself. As a result, modern constitutions often have special provisions for dealing with emergency situations.1 In cases of an urgent threat to the state or regime, constitutions sometimes permit the delegation of powers to a president, or to some other constitutional authority, to issue decrees, to censor information, and to suspend legal processes and rights. The purpose for which this special authority is granted is fundamentally conservative: it is aimed at resolving the threat to the system in such a way that the legal/constitutional system is restored to its previous state. Rights are to be restored, legal processes resumed,

Abstract: The Andean and Pacific regions of South America are home to a remarkable variety of languages and language families, with a range of typological differences. This linguistic diversity results from a complex historical background, comprising periods of greater communication between different peoples and languages, and periods of fragmentation and individual development. The Languages of the Andes documents in a single volume the indigenous languages spoken and formerly spoken in this linguistically rich region, as well as in adjacent areas. Grouping the languages into different cultural spheres, it describes their characteristics in terms of language typology, language contact, and the social perspectives of present-day languages. The authors provide both historical and contemporary information, and illustrate the languages with detailed grammatical sketches. Written in a clear and accessible style, this book will be a valuable source for students and scholars of linguistics and anthropology alike.

Abstract: The general term faith-based organizations is inadequate because no clear definition exists of what it means to be faith-based. This article proposes an inductively derived sixfold typology of social service and educational organizations and programs based on their religious characteristics: faith-permeated, faith-centered, faith-affiliated, faithbackground, faith-secular partnership, and secular. The typology is divided into two sections, organizations and programs, recognizing that the religious characteristics of an organization may differ from the programs it operates. The analysis of religious characteristics focuses on the tangibly expressive ways that religion may be manifest in a nonprofit entity. The article provides examples of each type based on case studies of 15 congregations with active community-serving programs. This framework, once empirically tested, can add clarity and precision to research, public discourse, and funding decisions concerning community-serving organizations.

Abstract: Varying levels and types of husband violence may be conceptualized as typologies of maritally violent men. Across studies, batterer subtypes resembling those proposed by Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994) have been identified and generally found to differ in predicted ways. Longitudinal data from this study suggests that the subgroups continued to differ over three years. Over time, however, the placement of individual men into some subtypes was not stable. Whether to best conceptualize the heterogeneity among maritally violent men as differing subtypes or as variability along dimensions is considered. Clinical issues regarding the typology are discussed, including concern that the use of absolute cut-off points to identify subtypes is premature and consideration of using the typology to predict treatment outcome and to match interventions to subtypes. Regarding future research ideas, it is time to consider more immediate, situational and dyadic, processes leading to violence perpetration within each subtype.

Abstract: Abstract This book shows that every language has an adjective class and examines how these vary in size and character. The opening chapter considers current generalizations about the nature and classification of adjectives and sets out the cross-linguistic parameters of their variation. Thirteen chapters then explore adjective classes in languages from North, Central and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Studies of well-known languages such as Russian, Japanese, Korean and Lao are juxtaposed with the languages of small hunter-gatherer and slash-and-burn agriculturalist groups. All are based on fine-grained field research. The nature and typology of adjective classes are then reconsidered in the conclusion. This pioneering work shows, among other things, that the grammatical properties of the adjective class may be similar to nouns or verbs or both or neither; that some languages have two kinds of adjectives, one hard to distinguish from nouns and the other from verbs; that the adjective class can sometimes be large and open, and in other cases small and closed. The book will interest scholars and advanced students of language typology and of the syntax and semantics of adjectives. Each book in this series focuses on an aspect of language that is of current theoretical interest and for which there has not previously or recently been any full-scale cross-linguistic study. The series is for typologists, fieldworkers, and theory developers at graduate level and above. The books will be suited for use as the basis for advanced seminars and courses. The subjects of next three volumes will be serial verb constructions, complementation, and grammars in contact.

Abstract: Workplace violence is one of the most complex and dangerous occupational hazards facing nurses working in today's health care environment. This article includes critiques of the conceptual, empirical, and policy progress of the past decade, a discussion of the need for methodologically rigorous intervention effectiveness research, and a description of a joint-labor management research effort aimed at documenting a process to reduce violence in a state mental health system. The development of a typology of workplace violence has advanced our understanding of the relationship of the perpetrator of the violence to the victim and provided a foundation for conceptual frameworks linking etiology and prevention. Even though health care workers may be exposed to four types of violence in the course of their work, the overwhelming majority of threats and assaults against caregivers come from patients (Type II), justifying emphasis on this type of violence. Individual nurses and direct care providers have very little influence over the level of violence in their workplaces, but through collective action are poised to influence policies designed to protect the health care workforce.

Abstract: In this paper the relationship of various types of work-home interaction (i.e. negative and positive influence from work to home, and the other way around) with demographic, family, and (perceived)...

Abstract: The current study uses the content analysis method while focusing on identification of repeated patterns of behavior by suicide terrorists and the society within which they grow and develop. The present study presents a typology—a classification into categories, each represented by a prototype, of suicide terrorists in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It also identifies prerequisite factors (as without these factors, there is little opportunity for a particular prototype to emerge) and supporting factors (which may assist in the emergence of the prototype, but are not essential) for each of the suicide terrorist prototypes. The suggested typology is based on a convenient sample: details which have been published in the literature describing suicide terrorists. The typology suggests four categories of suicide bombers: religious fanatic, exploited, avenger, and nationalist fanatic. This typology is based on the main motive of the perpetrator, and different trajectories which each suicide bomber undergoes f...

Abstract: This article develops a better understanding of an extreme form of subjective career success that transcends any particular job or organizational context: having a calling. I review the existing literature on having a calling and related constructs, put forth a new, integrated typology for having a calling, and suggest directions for future research. Beginning their work in the late 1930s to 1950s, the pioneers of career theory—known as the Chicago School—developed the notion that careers are comprised of both objective and subjective elements. In spite of this early, broad vision of careers, recent career research has been relatively limited in scope. Of the careers articles published in major interdisciplinary journals between 1980 and 1994, more than 75% focused on objective perspectives (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996: 8). Within the last several years, there has been a call for research that includes not only the subjective viewpoint of careers (e.g., Barley, 1989; Derr & Laurent, 1989; Hall,2002; Hall & Chandler, Working paper), but also the extension of career research beyond the boundaries of single organizations (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996). There are some notable streams of work, however, that attempt to address these limitations in careers research. Conceptualizations of subjective career outcomes and the relationship between subjective and objective career outcomes have begun to be examined (e.g., Hall & Chandler, Working paper; Heslin, Working paper; Nicholson & Andrews, Working paper), though with conflicting findings (e.g., whether subjective outcomes lead to objective outcomes, or vice versa). In terms of specific forms that subjective outcomes might take, Hall observed that careers have shifted away from being organizational to being protean, a form of career in which individuals are self-directed toward the goal of achieving psychological success—a subjectively defined measure (Hall, 1976; Hall & Mirvis, 1996; Hall, 2002). Hall’s notion of psychological success builds on Shepard’s view that human potential is realized only through following the “path with a heart,” and defining success as a “life fully worth living” (Shepard, 1984). Other researchers have examined what might be experienced by those enacting a protean career or following their path with a heart, such as work engagement (Kahn, 1990; May et al., 1999), flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), and intrinsic motivation (Amabile et al., 1994). To understand the complexities of psychological success—its characteristics or form, the nature of experiencing it, what its consequences are, etc.—I argue that it is important to focus on exemplars of this phenomenon. Given the implicit prescriptive assumption in this area of research and in the popular press that high subjective success is something to which we should all aspire, this paper will enter this discussion by examining the highly positive end of the spectrum. What is this extreme type of subjective career experience? It fits with the traditional 2 notion of what it means to pursue one’s vocation, or to pursue one’s calling. Weiss and colleagues, in their work on calling and leadership, comment on the rising importance of this area of research: “A new interest in the idea of vocation and calling—even though these terms may not be used—is emerging as people search for more humane and meaningful ways to understand their work lives” (Weiss et al., 2003: 6). Several other researchers have made forays into developing ideas about having a calling (e.g., Wrzesniewski et al., 1997; Gardner et al., 2000; Hall & Chandler, Working paper). Naturally, there is considerable overlap in how researchers have treated the sense of calling and related concepts. As yet, though, there is no synthesis of these views or an attempt to understand the range of implications of having a calling. In particular, these implications of having a calling are generally assumed to be positive. I suggest here, however, that there might also be a dark side to having a calling. Thus, this paper will explore various facets of having a calling, which can be viewed as an extreme form of subjective career success. First, I will offer a brief review of the existing literature on having a calling and related constructs.i Then, I will put forth a new, integrated typology for having a calling. Lastly, I will suggest directions for future research, including examining the consequences of having a calling—both positive and negative.

Abstract: A typology is developed that systematizes the various linguistic phenomena in Ukraine that are commonly referred to as surzhyk—a Ukrainian term meaning `impure, mixed language'. The term surzhyk has become frequently used in public discourse and the media since Ukrainian was elevated to the status of official state language and Ukraine declared its independence. A heightened purist ideology has led to broad use of the term, which tends to have pejorative connotations. The typology is based on the historical, social, and ideological factors that have shaped language use. Five major categories of surzhyk are defined: (1) urbanized peasant surzhyk, (2) village dialect-surzhyk, (3) Sovietized-Ukrainian surzhyk, (4) urban bilinguals' surzhyk, and (5) post-independence surzhyk. These five prototypes are further characterized according to the typology of bilingualism proposed by Auer (1999), by considering the degree of pragmatic salience and the grammaticalization of language alternation. This case study presents a paradigm for the analysis of mixed languages.

Abstract: While there is agreement that creativity is central to teaching, learning and curriculum in higher education, what is meant by creativity is not always clear. The term is often employed uncritically, in the singular, and is reified. Where creativity is used with specificity, this is often over‐determined, so that the term remains limited to person, product or process, where certain uses will be privileged. There is a promising alignment between studies of creativity that refer to legitimating context and social constructionist readings, where plural creativities are described as discursive effects. A typology of ten qualitatively different kinds of creativity is offered, as: (1) Progress, (2) Conservation, (3) Innovation, (4) Transgression, (5) Discipline, (6) Complexity, (7) Inspiration, (8) Serendipity, (9) Negative Capability, and (10) Withdrawal. The typology has its basis in a model first proposed by Hillman (1972) that is critically examined for its epistemological bias leading to educational limita...

Abstract: This article presents a typology of continuous improvement (CI) implementation processes. The typology is based on an empirical study of 26 companies engaged in the implementation of CI. The data underpinning the typology was collected through retrospective interviews guided by a semi-structured questionnaire. Four different approaches to implementing CI are identified, described and analysed. The resulting typology contributes to the development of CI implementation theory—an underdeveloped area of theory—and is useful for companies considering to engage in, or step up, their CI activities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract: This article first examines several anthropological studies to illustrate some substantial limitations of the concepts of "reciprocity" and "exchange" as applied to food sharing among hunter-gatherer societies. I then propose a new typology of food sharing for identification, classification, description, and comparison. The new typology includes nine types of sharing: giving based on rules, voluntary giving, demand giving, exchange based on rules, voluntary exchange, demand exchange, redistribution based on rules, voluntary redistribution, and demand redistribution. Finally, I demonstrate the utility of the new typology by using it to analyze food sharing among two Inuit groups in the Canadian Arctic.

Abstract: This article analyses how young people progress to adult life in Portuguese society. It is based on the main conclusions of sociological research into transitions to adulthood in Portugal, a society that is itself passing through far-reaching and rapid transition, both economically and culturally. In this article, analysis of transitions to adulthood focuses on four central dimensions - education, work, family and gender. After that, an attempt to create a typology of modes of transition to adult life is done on a final section. The typology is presented as a way of analysing the complex forms through which those different dimensions are articulated and intertwined along the young people's pathway to adulthood.

Abstract: This is an outline of typology of marking information source, special attention given to South American languages.

Abstract: The paper presents a typology of co-parental relationships of divorced couples, based on an empirical examination of the quality of the co-parental relationship, the parental functioning of each parent, and the parents' means of conflict resolution (compromise, attack) in a sample of 50 divorced couples. Similar to previous typologies, three types of co-parental relationships are identified: cooperative, parallel, and conflictual. In addition, variables relating to the divorce process and to the parents' personalities were also examined, and found to have significant associations with the three types.

Abstract: In a recent article we presented an integrated typology in which we categorized deviance based on both norms and evaluations. Cross-classifying normative expectations and societal evaluations ident...

Abstract: The key motivation behind this study is to explore the many patterns of interactions between economic and non-economic factors in sub-Saharan Africa (hereafter referred to as Africa) in order to map out a typology of different types of country situations and thus, corresponding future options to develop strategies to end hunger and poverty in the region. The study builds on the earlier work of Irma Adelman and Cynthia Morris who argued that economic development is a dynamic, multi-faceted, nonlinear, and malleable process, a process explained by the many complex interactions between social, economic, political and institutional changes. As in Adelman and Morris, we use factor analysis to reduce a large number of variables into a manageable set of key factors. Next, using the newly developed classification and regression tree technique (CART), we link the outcome variables, such as per capital GDP and the prevalence of child malnutrition, with this smaller set of factors. This overcomes the limitations of Adelman and Morris. work that mixed the outcome and explanatory variables in their analysis. The analysis helps identify the most important factors for each outcome indicator, which provides guidance for defining the development of a typology and exploring future strategy options associated with each country type.

Abstract: Using data from a survey of more that 1900 first-year students at a large research institution, this paper applies Holland's theory of personality and environment to examine the ways in which students view diversity. Holland categories, individual characteristics such as race and gender, and interactions with people of color prior to college, significantly predict students' beliefs and attitudes about issues related to diversity at the time that they enter college.

Abstract: This paper presents a typology of views held by faculty members at four religious research universities concerning the relationship of faith and learning. Only one pattern of responses (out of eight) affirms that faith and learning should exist in complete separation. As a result, the study challenges Jencks and Riesman's (1968) argument that the academic revolution leads to the demise of faith in favor of academic competence.

Abstract: The superior performance of girls, especially in terms of GCSE examinations, continues to attract attention. Much of the debate to date, however, has focused on absolute differences in attainment rather than differences in pupil progress. Furthermore, the role of the school in contributing to the differential progress of the two sexes has been little explored in previous research on school effectiveness which has been largely gender‐blind. The research reported here tracks the progress of over 450,000 pupils in almost 2,700 English mixed secondary schools from Key Stage 3 to GCSE.First, a typology for understanding gender‐related school effects, which relates schools' overall ‘effectiveness’ to the relative progress of the two sexes in individual schools, is developed. Then the extent to which schools are distributed across the different cells of the typology is considered. The analysis confirms expectations that there are a very considerable number of schools where girls have been making greater progress...