Abstract: THE BASICS OF LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY An Introduction to Typology and Universals A (Brief) History of Typology Issues of Method and Explanation Basic Categories WORLD ORDER TYPOLOGY Constituent Order Universals Determining Basic Constituent Order MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY Morphemes Morphological Typology ENCODING RELATIONAL AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF NOMINALS Case and Agreement Systems Animacy, Definiteness and Gender Valence VERBAL CATEGORIES Tense and Aspect Mood and Negation The Morphosyntax of Speech Acts COMPLEX CLAUSES Subordination Coordination and Cosubordination

Abstract: Abstract Intransitive Predication constitutes a major contribution to the study of typological linguistics and theoretical linguistics in general. Basing his analysis on a sample of 410 languages, Leon Stassen investigates cross-linguistic variation in one of the core domains of all natural languages. The author views this domain as a `cognitive space', the topography of which is the same for all languages. It is assumed to consist of four subdomains, which correspond to a four-way distinction between the semantic classes of event predicates, property predicates, class predicates, and locational predicates. Leon Stassen offers a typology of the structural manifestations of this domain, in terms of the nature and number of the formal strategies used in its encoding. He discusses a number of abstract principles which can be employed in explaining the cross-linguistic variation embodied by the typology. In the final chapter, he brings together the research results in a universally applicable model, which can be read as a `flow chart' for the encoding of intransitive predications in different language types.

Abstract: The relationship between social support and risk has been well-documented. This paper presents a typology of support networks found amongst older people living in the community. The distinguishing ...

Abstract: Preface Developing a Psychological Typology Typologies in Entrepreneurship: Their Role and Value The Four-Way Psychological Typology Theoretical Extensions of the Typology Case Examples Illustrating the Typology and Its Extensions Applying the Typology Operationalizing the Constructs of the Typology Testing the Typology: Relation to Success among Established Entrepreneurs Testing the Typology: Relation to Entrepreneurial Criteria among Graduate Students in Business Management Using the Typology to Study Certain Groups Women and Men in Entrepreneurship High-Technology Entrepreneurs Entrepreneuring Beyond U.S. Borders Entrepreneurship Development Using the Typology to Create Tailor-Made Development Activities A Comprehensive Entrepreneurship Development Program The Role of Psychological Assessment Epilogue Bibliography Name Index Subject Index

Abstract: Advances in the use of interoganisational information systems (IOS) entail greater interdependence between, and deeper systems penetration into, organisations. The success of IOS will depend more on trust and cooperation between organisations, but these are problematic in interorganisational relations (IOR). Moreover, there are different types of IOR, and their varying characteristics are likely to have different effects on cooperation and IOS use between organisations. A framework for IOR analysis and a typology of IOR are combined to identify important differences between IOR and suggest implications for IOS.

Abstract: What do all languages have in common, and what gives each language its individuality? Language typology, which has developed in response to these fundamental questions, is concerned with the construction of theoretical frameworks capable of delimiting the range of possible human language and of capturing constraints on cross-linguistic variation. Language typology is a major concern of all contemporary schools of linguistics, yet a coherent image of the field is difficult to form because of the diversity of theoretical orientations and practical methodologies. This text brings together for the first time original contributions from major schools of typological research, from the Prague School of the Generative Grammar tradition. Leading scholars offer first hand accounts of the theoretical foundations and substantive findings of their particulr school of thought, clarifying basic assumptions which are often not explicitly stated in the literature. The book as a whole provides a survey of the place of individual typology in an international context. It gives an overview of both the underlying unity of, and the differences in, the methods employed in the field. This work should be of interest to theoretical linguists of all persuasions who are interested in typology; historical linguists; students of the history of linguistics.

Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to build on the emerging effort to produce a meaningful typology of classroom behavior for elementary school age children. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Teacher Rating Scales for Children (TRS-C) norming data were collected for 1,227 six- to eleven-year-old children at 116 sites representing various regions of the United States. The TRS-C has 148 items that are rated by the teacher on a 4-point scale of frequency, ranging from Never to Almost always. The Ward method of cluster analysis was used to identify the initial centroids or cluster seeds. An iterative clustering method, a K-means procedure, was used to refine the Ward cluster solution. A seven-cluster solution was selected based on both rational and empirical considerations. The resulting clusters were named well-adapted, average, learning disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, physical complaints and worry, severe psychopathology, and mildly disruptive. The seven-cluster solution resembles those of Achenbach (1991), Curry and Thompson (1985), and other researchers. The resulting typology points the way toward future cluster studies of child psychopathology by delineating additional research and theoretical questions.

Abstract: A typology of dual-earner families based on mothers' and fathers' reports of work hours, job prestige, role overload, and job involvement was developed with a sample of 85 dual-earner couples with school-aged children. Three groups emerged that were distinguished by both between-groups and within-couple differences in the clustering variables: (a) high-status dual-earner families, (b) low-stress dual-earner families, and (c) main-secondary provider families. Group membership was related not only to demographic variables (e.g., parental education and income) but to marital quality, family roles, and parental monitoring of children's activities. Analyses conducted to replicate the typology revealed that similar groups emerged in data collected a year later. Group membership was stable over time for all groups except the main-secondary provider group; this category appears to represent a transitional status for employed mothers.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine inductively types of interpersonal rituals in marriages and adult friendship and assess ritual enactment among friendship types (males' and females' same‐sex, cross‐sex, and couple friendships). Twenty married couples were interviewed, and 79 couples completed open‐ended questionnaires about both their marriage and friendship rituals. From their reports, a typology of seven marriage ritual types (two with subcategories including seven total subtypes) and a typology of six friendship ritual types (two with subcategories including seven total subtypes) were developed. The typology of marriage rituals with subtypes in parentheses include: Couple‐ Time Rituals (Enjoyable Activities, Togetherness Rituals, Escape Episodes), Idiosyncratic/Symbolic Rituals (Favorites, Private Codes, Play Rituals, and Celebration Rituals), Daily Routines and Tasks, Intimacy Expressions, Communication Rituals, Patterns/Habits/Mannerisms, and Spiritual Rituals. The typology of friendship ritu...

Abstract: Verbal and vocal disruptive behaviors (VDB) are important clinical features in dementia because they frequently signal discomfort experienced by an elderly person and because they are disturbing to caregivers, thereby affecting the care of elderly persons manifesting them. This article describes a typology of VDB, the Typology of Vocalizations-TOV. The conceptual framework underlying the development of this typology includes the assumptions that VDB consist of more than one type of behavior and that interventions should be matched to the etiology of the specific type of VDB. The article reports interrater reliability of the typology and validates it against Ryan's classification of verbal and vocal disruptive behaviors. Critical dimensions of the typology are examined and used for its refinement. Finally, use of the TOV for matching individuals to the most effective intervention is demonstrated.

Abstract: This research indicates that typologies covering multiple types of entrepreneurs are applicable within the realm of entrepreneurial personality. Four such personality types - personal achievers, real managers, expert idea generators, and empathic supersalespeople - are identified, and shown to be related to subsequent entrepreneurial success. The evidence indicates that entrepreneurial talent may be gauged in terms of the number of these patterns present in a given individual. Those with more patterns are more likely to achieve a substantial level of success. These results have implications for anyone whose work touches upon the field of entrepreneurship. This paper is concerned primarily with how the typology was developed and how the relationship of each type to entrepreneurial success was established. The career routes that fit each type (and which must be followed to obtain success) are considered.

Abstract: SINCE practically everything in this report depends on the mass of potsherds collected at the expense of so much bending of backs, it becomes necessary to describe with candor the methods employed in their classification. Archaeology has not reached that stage of development in which there is only one correct way to do things, and, it is hoped, never will. What follows, therefore, is in no way intended as a treatise on the proper way to classify pottery, but merely a description of what was done by us and why — especially why. To say that the choice of methods of classification is governed by the nature of the material to be classified is a truism. But it is no less governed by the predilections and general attitudes of the classifier, and particularly by the ends which the classifier has in view. The extent to which classification may be a creative activity is perhaps not sufficiently recognized. Before embarking on a description of the actual methods of classification employed in the present study, we must therefore furnish a brief statement of our position in regard to the subject of cultural typology in general and pottery typology in particular.

Abstract: This paper considers two examples of systems typologies in the light of the theory of autopoiesis. The first is Boulding's classic typology of types of systems based on their degree of complexity. Certain inconsistencies are noted, but the main problem is that there is no definition of the underlying scale of systems complexity. The paper suggests that the underlying dimension can be seen as the types of relations upon which the different levels depend. This also allows the inconsistencies to be clarified. The second typology, presented for the first time, provides an initial classification of different types of self-referential or organizationally closed systems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract: The present study provides a description of the occupational aspirations of 216 black high school students in a special program by the amount of training required (status) and Holland's 1973 typology as well as by gender, age, socioeconomic status, knowledge of self, and occupational knowledge. Analysis indicates that most adolescents aspire to Social and Investigative occupations, and occupations with a high status. Most of this select sample displayed low self- and occupational knowledge. Aspirations appear unrealistic in terms of trends within the labor market, but might be more realistic with effective and relevant guidance programs in schools.

Abstract: In this study we investigate the various types of church-state positions taken by members of the mass public. We propose a typology of attitudes on church-state issues, and test that typology with a cluster analysis of a survey of residents of the Washington, D.C. area. We confirm that there are four main positions on free exercise and establishment issues. Attitudes toward questions of religious establishment and free exercise are substantially independent, and attitudes toward religious free exercise are-not directly related to religiosity or religious orthodoxy. These findings suggest that the "culture wars" thesis may be empirically inadequate as a description of contemporary American politics.

Abstract: Objective: The current classification of posttraumatic stress disorder in acute, chronic and delayed-onset types is incomplete and of limited usefulness. The present paper explores the possibilities of a clinically-based typology that would reflect both the patients' syndromic presentation and modern research findings.Method: Review of current clinical and research literature, with a critical examination of proposed typologies, parameters utilised, applicability and relevance; elaboration of theoretical and practical bases of a clinical typology of posttraumatic stress disorder.Results: None of the existing posttraumatic stress disorder typologies presents a clinically comprehensive scope. A typology supported by literature findings and clinical observations is proposed. The six clinical types are depressive, dissociative, somatomorphic, psychotomorphic, organomorphic and ‘neurotic-like’. Substance abuse and personality disorder-like variants remain as areas of investigation.Conclusions: The proposed typo...

Abstract: Abstract A business group is defined as an ensemble of enterprises which, while operatively or juridically independent, are subjected to some manner of unified control or, at the very least, co-ordination. It is a form of industrial organization constantly present in the past century ‘s economic scenario, not only in what are classified as the ‘advanced ‘ countries but also in those which try to catch up with them. There are various elements which out line a typology of a business group, such as the quantity of companies that refer to it, their belonging to related sectors, or their extension into unrelated fields of economic activity, the mechanisms through which control or co-ordination is obtained, etc. Considered from this viewpoint-Le. as tools for control or co-ordination-we may distinguish between associational groups, alliances often cemented by cross-shareholdings that should be characterized by co-ordination and co-operation, and hierarchical groups2 structured as a pyramid on top of which there is a mother company which, thanks to property rights, has the power to allocate resources, even transferring them from one company to another.