Abstract: Anarrhinum fruticosum Desf. (Antirrhineae, Plantaginaceae) is a very variable species. Three subspecies are currently recognized: A. fruticosum subsp. fruticosum, A. fruticosum subsp. brevifolium (Cosson & Kralik) D.A. Sutton (synonym of A. brevifolium Cosson & Kralik), and A. fruticosum subsp. demnatense (Cosson) Maire (synonym of A. demnatense Cosson). Anarrhinum brevifolium was recently typified by Domina & El Mokni (2019), while these other two names are discussed and lectotypified in the present paper. Lectotypes are designated from an illustration published by Desfontaines (A. fruticosum), and a specimen from P-Cosson herbarium (A. demnatense).

Abstract: Ophrys apifera Hudson was previously considered to have been lectotypified by Kunkele and Baumann in 1998 with an illustration published by Matthias Lobel in 1581. However, Hudson did not include any references to Lobel in the protologue. Therefore, the typification by Kunkele and Baumann is here briefly discussed and superseded because is being contrary to Art. 9.3 of the International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). The name is lectotypified here with an illustration published by Bauhin and Cherler in 1651. Unfortunately, this illustration does not show several diagnostic characters to distinguish O. apifera from other related species. Therefore, for a precise circumscription of the name, an epitype is proposed of a complete specimen preserved at K.

Abstract: The complexity of livestock production systems implies the interrelation of physical, technical, social, environmental, and animal factors. This study aimed (i) to classify and characterize farms i...

Abstract: Since the discovery of the Pleurocordyceps/ “Polycephalomyces” clade unaffiliated with the clades of Clavicipitaceae s. str., Ophiocordycipitaceae, and Cordycipitaceae of clavicipitaceous fungi, some taxa have been published and more fungal material relevant to the group have become available for further study. Here, a multigene phylogeny using nrSSU, nrLSU, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2 was constructed with some of the recently discovered additional taxa using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses (BI) to test and refine the current phylogenetic framework for Cordyceps s. lat. and other clavicipitaceous fungi. In addition to the well supported major Pleurocordyceps/“Polycephalomyces” clade revealed previously, another clade with newly added taxa referred to as “Polycephalomyces formosus‐like” from Japan was found to be sister to the Pleurocordyceps/“Polycephalomyces” clade. Extensive investigation revealed that strains named “P. formosus‐like” grouped in this new clade and do indeed represent the true P. formosus and that species previously included in the genus Polycephalomyces required a new generic name. Based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics, including both sexual and asexual morphs when available, the new generic name Pleurocordyceps is introduced and relevant new combinations are made. A newly designated lectotype and a supporting epitype for P. formosus is selected and the circumscription of Polycephalomyces is discussed.

Abstract: The taxonomy and nomenclature of the species of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam Kalanchooideae) with comparatively thin, weak, scrambling stems are reviewed and discussed This group of climbers is endemic to Madagascar, the present-day and probable historic centre of species diversity of Kalanchoe Bar one species, K schizophylla, the Madagascan climbing kalanchoes likely represent a monophyletic group It is shown that this monophyletic group consists of eight taxa: K beauverdii with three varieties (one of which is newly described), K costantinii with two varieties (one of which is newly described), K guignardii with two varieties (one of which is newly described), and K scandens Where required, the typification of some of the names previously published in the group is clarified, including through epi- and neotypification The following new names are published here: K sect Invasores in K subg Bryophyllum, which includes the climbing kalanchoes in K ser Vilana, also newly described, as well as K beauverdii var pertinax, K costantinii var unguifera, and K guignardii var schistosepala The similiarities between K schizophylla and representatives of the distantly related K ser Vilana are restricted to their general climbing habit They occupy unrelated positions within K subg Bryophyllum, occur in different types of habitat, and generally use different vegetative structures to climb into plants with which they grow socially

Abstract: Plagiochila is the most diverse genus of liverwort by number of described species, with 1600 validly published names. The typification and application of names within the context of such nomenclatu...

Abstract: In Luang Prabang, Laos, petanque players distinguish two types of gambling: ‘gambling for beer’ and ‘gambling for money’. They readily and vividly contrast these types in abstraction but are more circumspect about identifying actual games as instances of one kind or another. In this article, I trace how players use these types in two modes of typification—as generics and specifics—and articulate a new way to approach similar salient and ideologically weighty ‘ethno-metapragmatic terms’, which can appear messy and unwieldy. I argue that pulling apart these modes of typification clarifies how and why people use such terms for social action, and where anyone studying them—or the types that are thought to underly them—should begin. (Generic reference, specific reference, typification, social types, explicit/implicit, metapragmatics, linguistic anthropology, Laos)*

Abstract: Building typification is of theoretical interest and practical significance in map generalization. It aims to transform an initial set of buildings to a subset, while maintaining the essential distribution characteristics and important individual buildings. This study focuses on buildings located in residential suburban or rural areas and generalizes them to medium or small scale, for which the typification process can be viewed as point-similar object selection that generates exemplars in local building clusters. From this view, we propose a novel building typification approach using affinity propagation exemplar-based clustering. Based on a sparse graph constructed on the input building set, the proposed approach considers all buildings as potential cluster exemplars and keeps passing messages between those objects; thus, high-quality representative objects (i.e., exemplars) of the initial building set can be obtained and further outputted as the typified result. Experiments with real-life building data show that the proposed method is superior to the two existing representative methods in maintaining the overall distribution characteristics. Meanwhile, the importance of each individual building and the constraints of the road network can be embedded flexibly in this method, which gives some advantages in terms of preserving important buildings and the local structural distribution along the road, etc.

Abstract: Several species and nothospecies of Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) (Crassulaceae subfam Kalanchooideae) that use multiple vegetative and reproductive methods of self-propagation have become weedy in especially mild-climate parts of the world (Garces et al 2007, Herrera & Nassar 2009, Smith 2019, Smith et al 2019: 244–278) Some of these, including the nothospecies K ×houghtonii Ward (2006: 94) (Smith 2019) and its two parent taxa, K daigremontiana Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 128) (Figs 1 & 2) and K tubiflora (Harvey 1862: 380) Hamet (1912: 44), have taken on economic importance beyond being sold, in many instances unwisely, as ornamental plants in the horticultural trade, as their eradication from places where they have become established in vegetation well away from their natural habitats will require the investment of fiscal resources

Abstract: In view of the forthcoming review of Turkish irises for Resimli Turkiye Florasi (The Illustrated Flora of Turkey), nineteen names are typified or nomenclatural remarks are provided in the present report. Lectotypes are designated for Iris aschersonii, I. attica, I. bornmuelleri, I. purpureobractea (a taxonomic synonym of I. junonia), I. reticulata var. cyanea, I. reticulata var. sophenensis, I. suaveolens and I. taochia. The second-step lectotypification is made for I. histrio. Neotypes are designated for the names I. histrioides, I. junonia, I. masiae and I. reticulata var. histrioides; epitype, for the name I. reticulata var. sophenensis. For the previously typified names, I. bakeriana, I. musulmanica and I. reticulata, lectotypes are given. The lectotypes for I. histrio var. aintabensis, I. schachtii, and Xiphion danfordiae and the authorship for I. histrioides, are corrected. Images are provided for eight specimens selected as types that are not available online. Notes on distribution in Turkey are provided for all the accepted taxa.

Abstract: The names of the Italian taxa in Cirsium sect. Eriolepis are discussed. The accepted names are: Cirsium echinatum, C. eriophorum subsp. eriophorum, C. eriophorum subsp. spathulatum, C. ferox, C. italicum, C. lacaitae, C. lobelii, C. morisianum, C. scabrum, C. tenoreanum, C. vallis-demonii subsp. vallis-demonii, C. vallis-demonii subsp. calabrum comb. nov., and C. vulgare (= C. crinitum, C. sylvaticum). Four accepted names are typified by specimens preserved at FI (one lectotype), G (one lectotype and one neotype), P (one lectotype), and by illustrations (two lectotypes). Several other heterotypic synonyms of taxa described from Italy are discussed and six of them are typified. A new combination and status are proposed: C. vallis-demonii subsp. calabrum, based on C. eriophorum var. vallis-demonii f. calabrum.

Abstract: The typification of the species names Santolina ericoides and S. villosa (Asteraceae) are revisited. The name Santolina ericoides has been applied to plants distributed in the Iberian Peninsula and S France, and the name S. villosa has been applied to a taxon endemic to Spain. These species names have recently been neotypified from specimens kept at the herbarium of the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris at P, and at the herbarium PAL (PAL-Gr), respectively. These two type designations are briefly discussed and superseded here because these neotypifications were unnecessary being contrary to Art. 9.8 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). In this work, all relevant sources, specimens, illustrations, and references cited in the protologues are carefully evaluated for the purpose to fix the application of the names. We have chosen and designated the best admissible lectotype for these two names from the original material.

Abstract: Notogrammitis (Polypodiaceae) is a medium-sized genus of ferns in New Zealand with 11 indigenous species. Lectotypes are chosen here for the basionyms Asplenium angustifolium Jacq., Grammitis humil...

Abstract: Michauxia campanuloides (Campanulaceae) is a biennial to short-lived perennial characterized by white to purple-suffused, deeply lobed corollas with narrow and strongly reflexed corolla lobes. It occurs widely on the eastern fringe of the Mediterranean area in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel. First collected by Leonhard Rauwolf as early as 1575, it was made known by him through the publication of a description and an illustration. His herbarium specimen, among the first collected in the Near East, survives in Leiden. More than two centuries had to pass until Andre Michaux and, independently, Jean Jacques Houtou de Labillardiere collected M. campanuloides again and made specimens and seeds available to the botanical community in Paris. On the basis of living material, but including references to herbarium specimens, Charles-Louis L'Heritier de Brutelle was the first to provide a binomial for this striking plant. This paper focuses on the widely unappreciated record of herbarium specimens and printed illustrations, and lists and comments on early specimens collected in the wild as well as those cultivated in botanical gardens up to 1800. In addition, the name M. campanuloides is properly lectotypified.Citation: Lack H. W. & Callmander M. W. 2021: The discovery, naming and typification of Michauxia campanuloides (Campanulaceae) with notes on its introduction into cultivation. – Willdenowia 51: 195–208.Version of record first published online on 21 June 2021 ahead of inclusion in August 2021 issue.

Abstract: Based on Hudson’s collections sent to Linnaeus and currently preserved at LINN, lectotypes are designated for four species names published by Hudson: Alopecurus myosuroides, Festuca sylvatica (currently Brachypodium sylvaticum), Polygonum minus (currently Persicaria minor), and Scutellaria minor.

Abstract: Schizachyrium Nees is one of the largest genera of the grass tribe Andropogoneae and is clearly polyphyletic, including at least three distinct lineages. For more than a century, the type of Schizachyrium has been the subject of disagreement in the literature, with most authors considering it to be S. brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse, but others accepting S. condensatum (Kunth) Nees. Our investigation confirmed that the earliest effective typification of Schizachyrium was performed by Pfeiffer (1874) and thus S. condensatum is the correct type of the genus. Elucidation of this issue is crucial for the future taxonomic rearrangements of this polyphyletic genus since its type will define which lineage will retain the generic name Schizachyrium.

Abstract: A nomenclatural revision of the genus Hieracium in the Balearic Islands (Spain) is presented and the typification of five names: H. aragonense Scheele, H. balearicum Arvet‑Touvet, H. elisaeanum Arvet-Touvet ex Willkomm, H. majoricanum Arvet-Touvet and H. microscapum Arvet-Touvet, is discussed. The names are lectotypified using specimens preserved at COI, GRM, and P herbaria. Several comments for the names H. cataractarum Arvet-Touvet & Huter and H. praecox subsp. brachypus Freyn in Porta & Rigo are also provided.

Abstract: Abstract This paper examines the ways in which Ernst Cassirer and Susanne Langer place the arts in the spectrum of symbolization. Langer claims that Cassirer is wrong to consider artistic symbolism as a more concrete mode of linguistic symbolism. Instead, artists create presentational symbols that are just as capable of formal articulation, i. e., of complex combinations, as words are. According to Langer, the presentational modes of articulation of music and the visual arts are altogether different from the syntactical mode that governs language. I argue that the way Langer imposes her presentational model on the literary arts goes too far in decontextualizing them from the real world. Thus I propose a more inclusive artistic spectrum which proceeds from Langer’s presentational symbolism to the typifying mode of symbolization suggested by Wilhelm Dilthey to Cassirer’s more ideational linguistic mode.

Abstract: The names in Amaranthus described by Frere Sennen from Spain were studied and, when necessary, typified. Seventeen lectotypes, preserved in BC and MA herbaria, have been designated. Isolectotypes were traced at BCN, herb. Sennen II, JE, JBAG (herb. Lainz), K, MA, P, and PH.

Abstract: Abstract: Three hemiboreal or boreal species of Entoloma subg. Rhodopolia, E. fluviale, E. quercetorum and E. uvidicola, are described as new based on molecular and morphological data. Entoloma nidorosum is neotypified. New records of E. boreale, E. caeruleopolitum, E. holmvassdalenense, E. lupinum, E. paragaudatum, E. pseudoconferendum, E. radicipes, E. rhodopolium and E. sphagneti are presented from Finland and Sweden with ecological and morphological notices.