Abstract: CALLMANDER, M.W., J. MAZUMDAR & C.E. JARVIS (2019). Typification and nomenclature of the western Indian Ocean islands ferns and lycophytes described in Linnaeus filius's Supplementum plantarum. Candollea 74: 223–234. In English, English abstract.Carl Linnaeus filius (1741–1783) published 16 new species names of ferns and lycophytes in Supplementum plantarum in 1782. Nine of these new taxa originated from the western Indian Ocean islands and were based on collections cited as “Sonnerat per Thouin” or “Thouin” in their protologues. Correspondence between Andre Thouin (1747–1824) and the younger Linnaeus indicates that those new names were based on a set of 50 collections that Thouin shipped to Linnaeus f. in 1779 and were in reality collected by Philibert Commerson (1727–1773) and not Pierre Sonnerat (1748–1814). Original material has been located in Linnaeus filius's herbarium (now in LINN-HS) and duplicates have been located in the Thouin herbarium (now MPU) and in G, P, P-LA and SBT. We formally designate lectotypes for five fern and two lycophyte names described by the younger Linnaeus in Supplementum plantarum: Acrostichum punctatum L. f., Acrostichum viviparum L. f., Adiantum furcatum L. f., Adiantum repens L. f., Lycopodium gnidioides L. f., Lycopodium verticillatum L. f., and Polypodium pica L. f. A lectotype is additionally designated for Asplenium daucifolium Lam., the currently accepted name for Acrostichum viviparum.Received: June 13, 2019; Accepted: November 18, 2019; First published online: December 2, 2019

Abstract: Building groups with special patterns are common layouts in urban settlement areas, which should be carefully generalized. Typification is considered as an appropriate operator to generalize building groups with grid patterns. As an important operator in building generalization, the purpose of typification is to reduce the number of objects while preserving the original distribution characteristics as much as possible. This study proposes a mesh-based method to typify buildings with grid patterns. Firstly, the pattern is subdivided into perfect grid or grid-like patterns by considering the completeness of the grids. The proposed typification method consists of three steps: (1) generating mesh from the proximity graph of buildings; (2) eliminating triangular meshes; (3) determining the number, positions, and representations of the newly created buildings with the help of the related meshes. The proposed method is modeled as an iterative process to achieve hierarchical typification results, which provides support to the map multiple representation. The experimental results demonstrate that the mesh-based typification method can achieve satisfying results in the perfect grid pattern, as well as the grid-like pattern. The new distribution of the typified buildings preserves the original pattern characteristics.

Abstract: Background and aims – Within the project “German Barcode of Life – Diatoms” common diatoms of German waters were routinely isolated and cultivated. In order to understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Gomphonema, one of the most common taxa of Central Europe, known currently either under the name Gomphonema olivaceum in Europe or Gomphoneis olivacea in America, was studied. Methods – Twenty unialgal strains were established from five different water bodies in Germany and one from Lake Balaton, Hungary, which supplied molecular data (18S V4 and rbcL) besides morphometric and ultrastructural data. In addition, on eight populations from different water bodies including the type from Denmark, morphometric and micromorphological studies by light and scanning electron microscopy were performed. Key results – Molecular and micromorphological data show that the target taxon neither belongs to Gomphonema Ehrenb. nor to Gomphoneis Cleve. By reinstating the genus name Gomphonella Rabenh., the nomenclatural and taxonomic enigma of this taxon is solved, and with the presentation of the type by Hornemann the authorship of the epithet is clarified. Molecular data for the unialgal strains and several environmental clones show that there is more diversity in the Gomphonella olivacea clade than can be identified morphologically. In addition, the establishment of the new species Gomphonella coxiae and Gomphonella acsiae is supported. The molecular data classified Gomphonella species as belonging to the Cymbellales but not to the Gomphonemataceae. In addition, molecular data put Gomphoneis tegelensis R.Jahn & N.Abarca also into Gomphonella. In order to make the genera Gomphoneis and Gomphonema monophyletic, their astigmate members are transferred to Gomphonella. Conclusions – The results clarify that the gomphonemoid outline is not restricted to the family Gomphonemataceae but seem to be distributed across the entire order Cymbellales. This is shown in this paper for the revived genus Gomphonella, which contains the astigmate group of Gomphoneis and Gomphonema besides the longly disputed G. olivacea. Only a polyphasic approach, combining molecular and micromorphological data for taxonomy, nomenclatural evaluation, and observations from clonal cultures can reveal the full intricacies of evolutionary relations.

Abstract: During our nomenclatural revision of the genus Bromus L. (Poaceae) for Flora Iberica, we found that several names were still untypified: nine names in current use or their basionyms and five synonyms. Typifications are still needed since stabilising the names will facilitate their use. We propose lectotypes for Bromusalopecuros Poir., B.contortus Desf. (and the superfluous B.alopecuroides Poir.), B.benekenii (Lange) Trimen, B.intermediusGuss.subsp.divaricatus Bonnier & Layens, B.molliformis J.Lloyd ex Billot, B.lepidus Holmb., B.lepidus f. lasiolepis Holmb., Bromussubg.Stenobromus (Griseb.) Hack. and Bromussect.Stenobromus Griseb. Neotypes for B.erectus Huds. and B.ramosus Huds. and an epitype for B.intermediussubsp.divaricatus Bonnier & Layens are proposed. In addition, we identify an isoneotype for B.erectus and isolectotypes for B.lepidus and B.lepidusf.lasiolepis. The area inhabited by the typified taxa includes both Africa and Europe. All the selected types are in agreement with the current use of the names and, thus, our selections contribute to stabilising the nomenclature of the genus Bromus. A discussion is provided to justify the selections. In addition, we typified two supraspecific names B.subg.Stenobromus and B.sect.Stenobromus. Finally, a new section, B.sect.Penicillius Llamas & Acedo, is described.

Abstract: The genus name Hydnoporia is reinstated to encompass the Hymenochaete tabacina group currently addressed to Pseudochaete (illegitimate genus) or Hymenochaetopsis. Identity of the type species of Hydnoporia, Sistotrema fuscescens (= Hydnoporia olivacea in current sense), is clarified, and a lectotype is selected. In total, 12 species are combined in Hydnoporia: H. corrugata, H. gigasetosa, H. lamellata, H. laricicola, H. latesetosa, H. lenta, H. rhododendri, H. rimosa, H. subrigidula, H. tabacina, H. tabacinoides, and H. yasudai. Hydnoporia diffissa is described as new. Analyses of all available ITS (94) and newly produced tef1 sequences (20) indicate that there are at least 20-27 species in the genus. Identity of the type species of Hymenochaete, H. rubiginosa, is clarified; the name is retained for the species so named in Europe while other species are present in North America and East Asia. Additionally, three new combinations in Hymenochaete are proposed: H. campylopora (= Cyclomyces fuscus), H. microcycla (= Cyclomyces tabacinus), and H. saepiaria.

Abstract: The census of the loci classici of the 98 vascular plants described from Tunisia, endemic to Tunisia or to Tunisia and the surrounding countries, is here presented and described The effective place of publication of accepted names, basionyms, and homotypic synonyms were identified and critically verified The geographic information on the loci classici was excerpted from the protologues, as well as information on typification for the taxa described before 1 January 1958 The names without holotype are 48 For 7 of them a lectotypification is already available in literature, 5 are lecotypified here, while 32 currently accepted taxa still need type designation The new names Festuca scholziana Domina & El Mokni and Sixalix lehoueroui Domina & El Mokni are here proposed For the names Linaria cossonii Bonnet & Barratte, L doumetii Coss ex Bonnet & Barratte, L paradoxa Murb, Anarrhinum brevifolium Coss & Kralik, and Onopordum espinae Coss ex Bonnet (second step) lectotypes are designated here

Abstract: Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae s.l.), a species native to the Neotropics, has been found in four localities (Bizerta, Bir Bouregba, Hammamet, and Nabeul) of N. Tunisia. Our discovery represents the first record at national level, and the second one for N. Africa. Morphological characters and ecological data are given. Nomenclatural notes are provided for the name A. diacanthus, which was regarded by some authors as heterotypic synonym of A. spinosus. A neotype is designated in the present paper based on a specimen preserved at LSU.

Abstract: Typification of Ficus auriculata complex ( Ficus subsect. Neomorphe ) is discussed and F. beipeiensis is treated as a new synonym of F. auriculata . As the original material of F. auriculata has not been located, a presentative specimen deposited at P is designated here as its neotype after detailed study of the protologue, relevant publications and specimens.

Abstract: Croton is the second largest genus of Euphorbiaceae with about 1200 tropical species. Of these, over 715 species are native to the Americas and have been assigned to 31 sections. Croton sect. Geiseleria includes about 80 species distributed from the United States to Argentina; they are especially diverse in Brazil, where about two thirds of its species occur. Many specimens from this section have been erroneously identified and require proper typification. We present a taxonomic synopsis of C. sect. Geiseleria for Brazil, based on the analysis of over 2000 specimens from 60 herbaria and our own collections from dozens of excursions to multiple regions of the country. Fifty species in the section are recognized here for Brazil, 37 of them endemic to the country, among which C. seccoi is described as new to science. Three species (C. carinatus, C. catariae, and C. mollis) are newly transferred to the section based on morphological analysis. Twenty-seven new synonyms, 70 lectotypes and one neotype are proposed. All of the species are included in an identification key, and then comments on their geographic distributions, habitats, phenologies, conservation status, and diagnostic characteristics are provided. Finally, distribution maps, original illustrations, and photographs are provided for most of the species.

Abstract: Background and aims – The blue pigmented diatom, Haslea ostrearia (Gaillon) Simonsen, which has been the material object for many physiological and ecological studies, was first described from oyster ponds in France as Vibrio ostrearius Gaillon; however, his study material seems not to be conserved. Methods – A thorough search to retrieve potential available historical collections has been conducted. Key results – It has been proven that no relevant historical material exists for H. ostrearia. Thus, an oyster pond at Bouin in Baie de Bourgneuf, France, was sampled in 2018 to obtain material allowing neotype designation. Conclusion – Slides and stubs have been deposited as neotype material of the species in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (PC). At the same time, this material is the generitype of the genus Haslea Simonsen. Furthermore, isoneotypes have been deposited at the British Museum (BM) and the Bremerhaven Hustedt collection (BRM).

Abstract: Lectotypes are designated for Peliosanthes campanulata (basionym: Lourya campanulata ), P. courtallensis and P. neilgherrensis , and determined for two varieties of P. violacea , P. violacea var. violacea and P. violacea var. minor , which were dually lectotypified in previous papers. Peliosanthes violacea var. minor is regarded as a distinct species and named P. pumila .

Abstract: 23 new typifications of names in Inula— four of them being basyonyms of currently accepted species under Pentanema ( P. helenioides, P. helveticum, P. langeanum and P. maletii )—, and 2 new typifications of names in Aster are provided in this paper. 18 new lectotypes, 7 neotypes and one epitype are designated. Additional materials relevant to typification and protologue citation are indicated in each case. Finally, a new combination in Pentanema ( P. squarrosum ) is proposed.

Abstract: A synopsis of Kalanchoe olivacea Dalzell and K. bhidei T.Cooke (Crassulaceae), both endemic to Peninsular India, is presented, together with morphological descriptions and photographs. The study is based on an examination of living and herbarium collections; it includes updated nomenclature, typification, and notes on distribution and conservation status. In both cases the original material is ambiguous. In the case of K. olivacea the original drawing does not show one of the diagnostic characters and in the case of K. bhidei the single surviving syntype is in extremely poor condition. So, in both cases typification requires the designation of a lectotype and an epitype.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to typify and describe, from a socioecological perspective, the agricultural activity of the family farming systems in El Jarillo, Venezuela. A transversal descriptive research was carried out from 2009 to 2016 and mixed methods and tools were used, including ethnographic ones. Twenty-seven family farming systems and 44 indicators were measured and analyzed to describe the main characteristics of the systems. Emphasis was placed on peach production. The indicators were grouped in four categories of analysis: Quality of Life (QL), Social Reproduction of the Family (SRF), Energy Efficiency and Conservation of Natural Resources (EECNR) and Autonomy vis-a-vis the Markets (AM). All indicator were weighted on a scale of 0 to 4. Despite being all systems focused on peach production, the differences were sufficient to identify the four types of production systems (A-D). Most of the farms grouped in type A (68%), and only one farm in type D (4%). Types A and D produce only peach, types B produce peach combined with other crops for sale and types C produce items for self-consumption. The average yield of peach was higher than 140 kg plant-1 crop-1 in the period analyzed for all types, except for type D. All types of farms are using agrochemicals to fertilize, fight pests and diseases, and induce flowering, based on techniques of the green revolution. The categories of QL, SRF and AM turned out to be favorable to sustainability, however, the difficulties encountered in the EECNR limit sustainability. The quality of life standards of the farming families are the product of the high rentability and the moderate economic risk, at the expense of the natural resources

Abstract: The taxonomy of the Madagascan Kalanchoe laxiflora Baker (Crassulaceae) is discussed and clarified. An amplified description is provided for the species, and differences between it and K. fedtschenkoi Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier, a close relative with which it has been confused in the past, are recorded. The synonymy and typification of names included under K. laxiflora are elucidated.

Abstract: The taxonomy of, and nomenclature applicable to, Kalanchoe millotii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier (Crassulaceae) are discussed with special reference to the typification of this name. A previous claim that the name has a holotype is incorrect. The name K. millotii is [second-step] lectotypified on a specimen, [J.M.H.A.] Perrier [de la Bâthie] 11789, barcode P P00374225, held in Herb. P. An amplified description is provided for this distinctive Madagascan species. The early history of the cultivar Kalanchoe ‘Fern Leaf’ is also discussed and clarified. This cultivar was selected from hybrid offspring raised at Hummel's Exotic Gardens of southern California; the parent stock was given as K. beharensis Drake and K. millotii.

Abstract: The typification of more than 200 names of grass taxa relevant to the flora of Singapore is reviewed. A total of 52 lectotype designations are made here, including 22 which are posthumously published by the late J.F. Veldkamp. In addition, 13 second-step lectotypes (one by JFV), and two neotypes are designated. An earlier place of publication than generally cited for the combination Zizania latifolia is highlighted.

Abstract: Blechnaceae is a medium-sized family of ferns in New Zealand with one genus, 23 indigenous species, two naturalised species and two nothospecies. A new combination, Blechnum × digenum (Parris) Brow...

Abstract: As part of an ongoing study on the names of vascular plants described from Sicily (Southern Italy) (e.g., Bartolucci & Domina 2014, Domina et al. 2016, Di Gristina et al. 2017, Domina et al. 2017, Traclet et al. 2017), a nomenclature investigation on the name Lavatera agrigentina Tineo (1817: 13), basionym of Malva agrigentina (Tineo 1817: 13) Soldano, Banfi & Galasso in Banfi et al. (2005: 230), which appears to be yet untypified, is here presented. The present study falls within the researches promoted by the Italian Botanical Society aimed to recognize and typify all the taxa described from Italy, in order to increase their systematic knowledge and promote further studies (Peruzzi et al. 2015, Brundu et al. 2017, Peruzzi et al. 2019).

Abstract: The name Hieracium australe Fr. (Asteraceae) is typified by specimens collected on the ancient walls of Sforza Castle in Milan (Italy) by Luigi Fenaroli in 1926 and distributed through the Flora Italica Exsiccata series under the name Hieracium australe Fr. subsp. mediolanense Fenaroli & Zahn. The identity and the taxonomic position of this neglected species is discussed.

Abstract: For Scleria subgen. Hypoporum , 214 species and infraspecific names were published since the first publication of the name Scleria. These names represent 76 accepted taxa, representing 72 species of Scleria subgen. Hypoporum . Herbarium material of all recognised species was studied, including the type material if available. Synonymy and typification in Scleria subgen. Hypoporum was thoroughly investigated. Fifty-six lectotypes and two neotypes were newly assigned. An identification key for the subgenus is presented. For each species, synonymy and types are cited, a description is provided including information on distribution, habitat and a list of additional specimens examined. Taxonomical difficulties and remarkable observations are added in notes. A useful overview of all published names linking them to their accepted taxon is added.

Abstract: Background and aims – Confusion over the taxonomic identity of Neidium iridis (Ehrenb.) Cleve (= Navicula iridis Ehrenb.) has persisted for more than 130 years with identifications of valve shapes varying from elliptical to linear and sizes from 100 to 300 µm. This confusion can be linked to the rarity of the species and poor attention to the original line drawings of Ehrenberg. This study examines the type material of Navicula iridis and further uses additional material from North America to define the species Neidium iridis. Methods – Mica and material from Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg’s Collection were studied to examine Navicula iridis. Light and electron microscope techniques were used to document the variability of valve morphology of original material in comparison with other fossil and recent materials. Key results – Ehrenberg designated no nomenclatural type for Navicula iridis at the place of its first description, and until recently the original material was not studied. One freshwater extant locality was identified (New York, West Point) in the original 1843 publication, and in his notes and drawings. Examination of the micas and material from the type locality, showed that Navicula iridis was very rare. Two specimens were found that matched the line drawing presented by Ehrenberg. In addition, we examined Ehrenberg’s original material with SEM, as well as two other localities in North America and present LM and SEM documentation of additional valve forms. A further evaluation of the status of Neidium columnaris, Neidium maximum and an unknown taxon in relation to Neidium iridis is presented. Conclusions – The findings of this study elucidate the taxon Navicula iridis (= Neidium iridis) as described by Ehrenberg in 1843. This will assist in the identification of other large Neidium taxa which to date have been associated with Neidium iridis.

Abstract: Issues of the nomenclature and typification of four species of Geraniaceae described by Turczaninow from Australia and New Zealand are discussed. It is emphasized that holotypes or syntypes of all taxa described by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones series of articles are deposited in the Turczaninow historical herbarium at KW, unless noted otherwise in the protologue. Lectotypes are designated here for the names Geranium homeanum Turcz. (KW, second-step lectotypification), Erodium peristeroides Turcz. (KW), Pelargonium stenanthum Turcz. (K, to replace the lost holotype formerly held in KW), and P. inodorum Willd. (B, second-step lectotypification). Taxonomic identities of some names are discussed: Geranium homeanum and Pelargonium drummondii Turcz. (holotype in KW) are currently accepted species, Erodium peristeroides is considered a synonym of Pelargonium inodorum, and P. stenanthum is a synonym of P. littorale Huegel.

Abstract: Prunusveitchii was published in 1912 and was treated as a synonym of P.serrulatavar.pubescens. The information about this taxon is relatively scarce. When consulting specimens of Prunus L., type materials of Prunusveitchii were found to belong to three taxa and P.veitchii, P.concinna, P.japonicavar.zhejiangensis, C.jingningensis and C.xueluoensis were found to be conspecific. The taxonomic status of P.veitchii is reconsidered in the present paper. Morphometric analyses were performed to evaluate the significance of differences between P.veitchii and P.serrulatavar.pubescens. The results show that the leaves of P.veitchii are significantly smaller and narrower than the leaves of P.serrulatavar.pubescens and the peduncle and pedicels are shorter. According to the results of morphometric analyses, P.veitchii should be treated as a separate species. To address these results, a lectotype of P.veitchii is designated here and P.concinna, Cerasusjingningensis and C.xueluoensis are here designated as synonyms of P.veitchii.