Abstract: Considerable confusion exists within Capsicum (Solanaceae) regarding the status and typifi cation of several names, in part due to misidentifi cations. Some types were destroyed in Berlin during the Second World War, some have not been found by modern systematics, while others exhibit uncertain locality data or contain material from more than one species. Fourteen lectotypes, synonyms, and a new name, Capsicum eshbaughii Barboza nom. nov., are proposed here.

Abstract: The typification of the name Gagea brentae Evers (a lectotype in GZU is designated here) and studies of living topotype material, led us to conclude that G. brentae is a full synonym of G. fragifera, sharing morphological, karyological (2n=84) and molecular (ITS region, trnL–trnF IGS, psbA–trnH IGS) features with the latter species. Gagea fragifera, as newly circumscribed here, shows a close relationship with G. villosa (M. Bieb.) Sweet and, above all, with G. glacialis K. Koch (possibly a hybridogenous taxon). In short, our new morphological and molecular data provide new evidence for hybridization and introgression between the closely related G. villosa and G. fragifera (both in G. sect. Didymobulbos).

Abstract: This paper will present the algorithms developed for the generalization of ditches in the CARGEN project. Despite the increasing number of algorithms available for cartographic generalization, only few of them address directly the problem of typification; noticeably this has been done in the context of building and road network generalization only. Ditches are man made features used to carry water, they are commonly found in groups in rural environments and in maps they are widely used to describe such a landscape. Groups of ditches usually show a regular pattern of straight lines, hence they lend themselves to be generalized through typification. In this paper a novel algorithm for the typification of ditches will be explained. The algorithm has been developed inside the Italian CARGEN project, aiming at the automatic generalization of 1:25000 data from 1:5000 data. The first section introduces typification, followed by brief review of related work in section two; the third section gives a description of the salient features of ditches; all the consideration of section one and three will be then used to set up a generalization algorithm that is explained in section four. Section five illustrates the results and gives a perspective on the future work.

Abstract: Original material of the 12 taxa described as new by Bertoloni has been examined, and typification of their names is discussed. Lectotypes are designated for 11 of Bertoloni's names, one (O. densiflora Bertol.) had been lectotypified before. Orobanche bicolor Bertol. (non C. A. Mey.) belongs to O. cernua L., O. cruenta Bertol. to O. gracilis Sm., O. stricta Moris ex Bertol. to O. schultzii Mutel, O. thyrsoidea Moris ex Bertol to O. rigens Loisel., O. crithmi Bertol. to O. minor Sm., O. vitalbae Bertol. to O. artemisiae-campestris Gaudin, O. fragrantissima Bertol. to O. lutea Baumg., O. laurina Bertol. to O. hederae Duby, O. yuccae Savi f. ex Bertol. to O. hederae Duby (not to O. minor Sm.), O. centaurina Bertol. to O. litorea Guss. (not to O. artemisiae-campestris Gaudin). O. australis Moris ex Bertol., included by Beck in O. canescens C. Presl, is a good species restricted to Sardinia. O. densiflora Bertol. must not, as is customary, be ascribed to Reuter who republished it later.

Abstract: Based on a plate from the protologue by Antonio Sebastiani and a specimen in RO, a lectotype and an epitype, respectively, for Trifolium latinum Sebast are designated here

Abstract: Six species originally described by Jules Jullien from Iberian waters are redescribed from the original material and stabilized by typification: Caberea ligata, Bicellaria evocata, Scrupocellaria marsupiata, Setosella folini, Euginoma vermiformis and Jubella enucleata. Caberea ligata is placed here in the genus Canda, not previously reported from European waters. Scrupocellaria marsupiata is differentiated from Menipea clausa, previously considered as a junior synonym; both species are placed in the genus Notoplites. A diagnosis is given for the family Jubellidae, the position of which is discussed.

Abstract: The systematics of the annual species of the Campanula lusitanica complex in the Western Mediterranean is reviewed using ITS sequences, karyology and morphology of all species of the complex. The information provided by these three sources is consistent, and the species are reorganized into two groups with the rank of section: Campanula sect. Rapunculus Boiss. and Campanula sect. Decumbentes , the latter described as new in this work. These sections comprise two well-defined subclades in the phylogenetic analyses. Sect. Rapunculus is composed, in the W Mediterranean region, by C. lusitanica L. and C. matritensis A. DC., both with 2 n = 18 chromosomes, and C. cabezudoi Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, C. specularioides Coss., C. transtagana R. Fern., and C. broussonetiana Schult., all with 2 n = 20 chromosomes. In the Iberian Peninsula, Sect. Decumbentes com prises two endemic species, C. decumbens A. DC. with 2 n = 32 chromosomes and C. dieckii Lange with 2 n = 28 chromosomes. In C. decumbens a new subspecies is described: C. decumbens subsp. baetica Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, which occurs in the Guadalquivir valley. In the formal systematic part we provide a key to identify these annual species of the Western Mediterranean, with a description and typification, photographs of flowers and fruits, distribution maps, and comments on the habitat for each taxon.

Abstract: The study presents a new and expanded treatment of the taxonomy, diversity and conservation status of all species of the genus Philodendron Schott (Araceae) so far discovered in Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil. It contributes to taxonomic and biological knowledge of the humid flora of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a globally recognized hotspot of biodiversity. The taxonomic treatment is based on 60 field collecting expeditions carried out since 2006, mainly in Southeastern Brazil, and the study of over 2200 herbarium specimens. Twenty eight species are recognized and their morphological descriptions, nomenclature and typification of relevant names are given. Lectotypes are designated for fourteen names, neotypes are designated for two names and epitypes for twelve names. Illustrations of all species are provided, together with a key and information on habitat and phenology for each species. The evaluations of the conservation status of the species were based on field observations, specialist literature, information from herbarium specimens and lists of endangered species. Evaluations of 16 of the 28 species found in Rio de Janeiro State are presented for the first time here and revised evaluations are presented for another six (P. altomacaense, P. cordatum, P. inops, P. hastatum, P. hatschbachii, P. roseopetiolatum) (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Abstract: Racoleus trichophorus gen. sp. nov. is described for a tropical sterile filamentous lichenized fungus which overgrows various crustose lichens on bark. It shares some features with Cystocoleus and Racodium, but is unique in having non-lichenized long lateral spines. The genus, which is known from China, the Ivory Coast, and Peru, is of uncertain systematic position; on the basis of morphological similarities, however, it may be referred to “? Capnodiales (incertae sedis)” ad interim. In addition, the nomenclature and typification of the monotypic genera Cystocoleus and Racodium are reviewed, and lectotypes selected for the type of each. The available information on the ecology and distribution of these two genera is also summarized, and scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of all three species are presented for the first time.

Abstract: All the names accepted in the genus Ensete Horan. are listed and typifications supplemented. All Ensete names have originally been described as belonging to the genus Musa L. Altogether, 37 names were found, the fossil Ensete oregonense excluded, 36 species and variety are considered. Currently, eight species are recognised, i.e. E. agharkarii, E. gilletii, E. glaucum, E. holstii, E. homblei, E. perrieri, E. superbum and E. ventricosum, and one variety, E. glaucum var. wilsonii comb. nov. Of the names, eight are illegitimate, and three dubious. A great confusion seems to be connected with E. ventricosum, which is indigenous in Africa. We consider that 14 names are synonymous with it. As herbarium specimens of type material are often of bad quality and sometimes completely undiscovered or perhaps lost completely, some typification is based on the drawings. In this article, nine Musa names, currently included in Ensete, are lectotypified.

Abstract: A lectotype for Mnium chrysocomum Hedw. (≡ Breutelia chrysocoma (Hedw.) Lindb.) is designated herein. The presence of Schwagrichen’s writing on the herbarium sheet for this taxon in G and the confusion of the name with Bartramia arcuata Sw. and Mnium arcuatum Dicks. ex With. necessitated the correct designation of the nomenclatural type. The protologue, single herbarium sheet for M. chrysocomum in the Hedwig-Schwagrichen collection (G [G00040056]), the cited earlier illustrations of this entity and specimens in the herbaria of Turner (BM) and Dickson (BM) were taken into consideration to determine the most appropriate material for typification. The original sheet for M. chrysocomum in the Hedwig-Schwagrichen collection (G [G00040056]) contains material that possibly originated from the Dickson herbarium (BM) and was probably used by Hedwig for his 1801 description, along with Dickson’s own description of the plant, to produce his protologue for M. chrysocomum in Species muscorum frondosorum. However, one ...

Abstract: A revision of the generic and infrageneric taxonomy of Podalyria (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae) is presented. The genus comprises 17 species, of which 16 are endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and one extends eastwards to southern KwaZulu-Natal. Morphological, cytological and chemical characters are briefly discussed. A cladistic analysis of 19 morphological characters and one chemical character resulted in a partially resolved topology with two main clades. These two groups are described as sections, namely Villosae and Podalyria. Two new species are described: P. leipoldtii and P. variabilis, and one new combination P. rotundifolia is made. Historically, the application of names in Podalyria has been variable and unreliable, so that considerable effort was required to unravel the intricate nomenclature, synonymy, and typification of the species. This revision (the first since 1862) also includes full descriptions, diagnostic characters, photographs, illustrations, and distribution ma...

Abstract: Summary In this paper we present new type data for Polypodium rugosulum (= Hypolepis rugosula) and complementary information about the possible herbaria location of Labillardiere's collections. We also describe a new subspecies (H. rugosula subsp. pichi-sermolliana) and present a new status for a variety along with its lectotypification (H. rugosula subsp. africana).

Abstract: Freitag H.: Typification of Salicornia perennans Willd. (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae) and the significance of names by Pallas. — Willdenowia 41: 231–237. December 2011. — Online ISSN 1868-6397; © 2011 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. Stable URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.41.41203 Salicornia perennans is here typified for the first time, with a Pallas 1771 illustration selected as lectotype. A supporting epitype, recently collected close to the locus classicus, is designated and deposited in B, an isoepitype at LE. The identity of S. perennans is critically discussed and information about its variability in differing environments given.

Abstract: Lack H. W.: The discovery, naming and typification of Euphorbia pulcherrima (Euphorbiaceae). — Willdenowia 41: 301–309. December 2011. — Online ISSN 1868-6397; © 2011 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. Stable URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.41.41212 The poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) was first collected by members of the Sesse & Mocino expedition in Mexico, subsequently also by Humboldt & Bonpland and Schiede & Deppe. Living material sent by Karwinski to the Royal Botanic Garden in Schoneberg formed the basis of the validation of the name E. pulcherrima which is here typified. The other names related to this taxon are also typified. It is shown that E. poinsettii Raf. is a validly published alternative name, which predates E. pulcherrima, making conservation of the latter well established name necessary.

Abstract: 181 names of Hieracium species going back to original herbarium material of Alexis Jordan or Alexandre Boreau are lectotypified, 27 are neotypified. The study is based on herbarium specimens of the Université Catholique de Lyon (LY) and Ville d’Angers (ANG), Martrin-Donos’s herbarium at the Institut Botanique de Montpellier (MPUTarn) and Arvet-Touvet’s herbarium at the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Grenoble (GRM-AT). The type specimens are illustrated by photographs of the entire herbarium sheets with some detail views of flower heads and leaves. Usual nomenclatural synonyms are given for each taxon.

Abstract: The Harpellales genus Smittium is based on a type species, S. arvernense, which was described by Poisson in 1937 without designation of a type specimen. Smittium arvernense has not been reported since its original publication. Because the other 79 species of Smittium cannot be compared to the type species, a lectotype is proposed as well as an epitype for that lectotype that is also the holotype of S. mucronatum. Because Smittium is believed to be polyphyletic these type designations will provide stable application of names and, as well resolved phylogenetic analyses of member species emerge based on morphological and DNA sequence characters, they will provide a foundation for a more robust and revised classification.

Abstract: A species-level review of the genus Clinopodium in Bolivia is presented. Characters used to distinguish taxa are discussed and evaluated with emphasis being given to nutlet characteristics for the first time. Nine species are described, seven from Bolivia, one of which, C. pilosum J. R. I. Wood is described as new. Bystropogon uniflorus Rusby ex Briq. is treated as subsp. uniflorum (Rusby ex Briq.) J. R. I. Wood of C. axillare (Rusby) Harley and its typification is discussed. Three subspecies of C. bolivianum are recognised, one of which subsp. diffusum J. R. I. Wood is described as new. Notes on salient characteristics of each taxon, on intermediate forms and on the distribution of each species are provided, as well as a key to species, maps and illustrations.

Abstract: The unispecific Fijian genus Pimia Seem. (Sterculiaceae) has long been considered to be related to genera that are now included in the Byttneriaceae (also known as Malvaceae-Byttnerioideae). Morphological characters, however, indicate that Pimia is a mixture of Commersonia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Byttneriaceae) and Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae). The name of the sole species, P. rhamnoides Seem., is lectotypified with an element that is determined to be C. bartramia (L.) Merr. and thus Pimia becomes a synonym of Commersonia. An epitype for P. rhamnoides is also selected because the lectotype now lacks flowers, which were an important element of the protologue.

Abstract: The typification of the Linnaean name Papaver hybridum is discussed. A specimen in the Burser Herbarium at Up- psala is designated as lectotype.

Abstract: The Memoire sur la famille des Anonacees by Alphonse de Candolle is an important work on Annonaceae. The paper is discussed, the date of publication is considered and typification of the species described from Nathaniel Wallich’s collections from Burma is clarified. No evidence has been found that the Memoire was published before 1832, and most likely it was after March of that year. Thirteen of the species from Burma are newly lectotypified. A few nomenclatural matters relating to De Candolle’s publication are discussed with the names Uvaria ovata , Uvaria macrocarpa , Porcelia macrocarpa , Uvaria musaria and Rollinia dolabripetala being highlighted. The transfer of Unona polycarpa to the genus Annickia has not been validly published as the basionym citation was in error. The problem is remedied in the current publication.

Abstract: Lomonosova M. & Freitag H.: Typification of plant names in Suaedoideae (Chenopodiaceae) published by P. Pallas, C. A. Meyer and A. Bunge. — Willdenowia 41: 217–229. December 2011,— Online ISSN 1868-6397; © 2011 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. Stable URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.41.41202 Lectotypes have been designated for 14 species names referable to Suaedoideae. Lectotypes for Alexandra lehmannii, Belowia paradoxa, Schanginia inderiensis, Schoberia acuminata, S. dendroides, S. glauca, S. leiosperma, S. microsperma, Suaeda baccifera, S. linifolia and S. physophora have been selected from the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute, St Petersburg (LE), for Schoberia transoxana and Suaeda arcuata from the Herbarium of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (P), and for Suaeda microphylla from the Herbarium of the Natural History Museum, London (BM). In order to present a complete synopsis of the Suaedoideae species names published by Pallas (7 names), Meyer (5 names) and Bunge (11 names), t...

Abstract: The identity of the potential original material of Juncus kochii is discussed. The taxon at present is best regarded as Juncus bulbosus L. subsp. kochii (F.W. Schultz) Reichg. The relevant literature (protologue and references therein) was searched and details of all residual original elements were compiled. Taxonomic remarks are given. The herbarium material from the environs of Bitche (Moselle, Lorraine) and Gerardmer (Vosges, Lorraine) – both in France, has been rejected as useless for typification of J. kochii (because of taxonomic reasons), though it was listed both in the protologue and also as indirect references therein Schultz’s earlier publications.

Abstract: This paper has been prepared as part of the research project “Agricultural landscapes. Systematization, analysis and typification of the landscapes formed by man's agricultural activities in Spain” (SEJ2006-15331-C02-02/GEOG), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science and directed by Dr Joan Tort.

Abstract: An attempt is made to discover the identity and correct name for Uvaria tripetala Roxb., Uvaria tripetala Blanco, Phaeanthus nutans Hook. f. & Thomson and Uvaria ophthalmica Roxb. ex G. Don (Annonaceae). It is concluded that all but one belong to what has been called Phaeanthus ebracteolatus (C. Presl) Merr., which must now be referred to correctly as Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G. Don) J. Sinclair. The correct name for the species that has generally been called Phaeanthus nutans or Phaeanthus ophthalmicus is Phaeanthus intermedius (P. Parm.) I. M. Turner & Veldkamp. Typification of these names and their known synonyms is presented. This includes four new lectotypifications and the designation of two new epitypes and one new neotype.