Abstract: Ruiz and Pavon described four species of Lisianthus (Gentianaceae) that are now recognized in the genus Macrocarpaea : Lisianthus corymbosus, L. ovalis, L. revolutus, and L. viscosus. These species were described from specimens collected inthe province of Huanuco, Peru, and are here identified as relatively narrow endemics largely of that province. Their complicated axonomie or nomenclatural history has required a careful review that revealed interesting details relevant to their circumscriptions. Lectotypes are selected for Lisianthus corymbosus, L. revolutus, L. viscosus, Macrocarpaea rborescens, M. pachystyla, and M. sodiroana. Lisianthus corymbosus is recognized as an illegitimate name, and is therefore reduced tosynonymy under the next validly published name, Macrocarpaea pachystyla. Lisianthus ovalis does not have atype, and is therefore excluded from use. Macrocarpaea rborescens is identified here as a species of southern Ecuador, previously recognized as M. ovalis. The name "Macrocarpaea magnifica Ewan, ined" is a nomen herbariorum, here recognized as M. arborescens. The previously broadly circumscribed Macrocarpaea sodiroana is here recognized as restricted o the province of Pichincha, Ecuador. A new identification is reported where the anomalous specimen Dannouse s.n. (NY) previously identified as " Macrocarpaea sp." by Ewan (1948) is identified as Tabernaemontana cr ssa (Apocynaceae).

Abstract: Original material of Ehrenberg's from Santa Fiora (Tuscany, Italy) was examined to establish the identity of the diatom to which Ehrenberg gave the name Gaillonella italica. It was compared with other Ehrenberg material, notably from New England, and with numerous other samples, both fossil and recent, with a view to understanding the taxonomy of this species. Although Ehrenberg later discarded the name, it was validly published and we consider it synonymous with G. crenulata. However, despite the earlier publication of G. italica, G. crenulata remains the type of the name of the genus Aulacoseira. New observations on the rimoportulae and the velum together with recent illustrations of separation valves have been added to the features used to distinguish the species from others in the genus, of which, the most important, though hitherto neglected, is the curving of the pore rows to the left (sinistrorse). We draw attention to the fact that A. italica has often been confused with A. valida.

Abstract: Schuster (2002) has presented a very thorough study of the Adelanthaceae provided with 12 plates of an excellence that we are used to from him. This well delimitated family is regarded as comprising three genera which are named Adelanthus Mitt., Calyptrocolea R.M.Schust. and Wettsteinia Schiffn. Their differences are fully discussed and condensed in a key by Schuster loc. cit. Adelanthus Mitt. is conserved and its listed type ‘A. falcatus (Hook.) Mitt. (Jungermannia falcata Hook.)’ (Greuter et al., 2000, p. 206). Schuster (2002) strongly opposed this typification as being ‘against the ICBN rules’ and treated A. decipiens (Hook.) Mitt. (Jungermannia decipiens Hook.) as the type of Adelanthus Mitt., as had already been advocated by Schuster (1967). This has considerable nomenclatural consequences, because Jungermannia decipiens Hook. is placed by him in a genus other than Jungermannia falcata Hook.

Abstract: Kusber, W.-H.: Typification of the four European species of Gonyostomum (Raphidophyceae) and first records of G. depressum from NE Germany. — Willdenowia 33: 467–475. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2003 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. Based on unpublished original material of C. G. Ehrenberg, Monas semen, the basionym of Gonyostomum semen, is lectotypified and the current taxonomic concept of that species, distributed in acidic waters in Europe and North America, confirmed. Its prolonged absence from Berlin waters, from where it was described in the mid 19th century is discussed. G. depressum is shown to be the correct name for a rarely reported green flagellate of worldwide distribution, formerly referred to as Vacuolaria depressa and G. latum. First records from five waters of NE Germany are added to its list of occurrences. The binomials G. intermedium and G. ovatum, of the two other European species of the genus, which are only known from their type localities, are lectotypified.

Abstract: Recent work has led to the discovery that Usnea rigida (Acharius) Motyka has been mis-interpreted by many authors and that the nomenclatural implications of its re-interpretation affect the use of some other names. The following errors are corrected: U. rigida (Acharius) Motyka should be cited as U. rigida Motyka and is not synonymous with U. florida var. rigida Acharius; U. florida var. rigida is lectotypified and placed in synonymy with U. florida (L.) Wigg.; U. rigida Vainio has priority over U. rigida Motyka; U. welwitschiana Motyka is regarded as a superfluous name. U. quasirigida, nom. nov., is introduced for U. rigida Motyka (non U. rigida Vainio).

Abstract: Ehrenberg's type specimen of Navicula sinensis is illustrated and discussed. The taxon was transferred to the genus Gyrosigma and assigned specific status as G. sinense in Desikachary (1988). Based on our examination of the type specimen we confirm this as correct. In particular, taxonomic studies on both the type and additional specimens from other habitats in marine localities lead us to reject the varietal status under G. balticum (Ehrenberg) Rabenhorst suggested in Cleve (1894). An emended species description is given and habitat information is added.

Abstract: Continued work on the angulose species of the genus Usnea has led to the discovery that the names Usnea fallax Motyka and U. paradoxa (Zahlbruckner) Motyka have been confused and incorrectly typified. Thus, here the following changes are implied: Usnea angulata Acharius var. paradoxa Zahlbruckner is lectotypified and placed in synonymy with U. fallax Motyka; the authorship of U. paradoxa (Zahlbruckner) Motyka should be cited as U. paradoxa Motyka; and U. paradoxa Motyka is lectotypified. The corrected use of both names is presented and the type material is illustrated.

Abstract: The anamorph of Mycosphaerella fragariae, Ramularia grevilleana, is lectotypified, and the nomenclature of this species is discussed in detail. It is demonstrated that the basionym Cylindrosporium grevilleanum has to be attributed to C.A.J.A. Oudemans instead of the brothers Tulasne.

Abstract: The only member of the lichen genus Dermiscellum, D. catawbensis, has been found to be synonymous with a name published over a decade earlier by Edward Tuckerman. Thus, in order to correct this case of forgotten priority, Opegrapha oulocheila Tuckerman is placed in the genus Dermiscellum to replace the name D. catawbense. The typification of both names is discussed and the holotype of O. oulocheila is figured for the first time.

Abstract: The only specimen suitable for typification of Hieracium caesium was discovered in UPS and is here designated as the lectotype. This name appears to have been misapplied and superfluous when originally published at specific rank, but is legitimate according to Art. 52.3. Correct names proposed for three species of the group Caesia (H. caesium = H. basifolium, H. laeticolor and H. plumbeum) are given with infraspecific variants and some more important synonyms. The names H. caesium subsp. laeticolor, H. imitans, H. caesium var. nemorum, H. plumbeum are also lectotypified. Two new combinations H. caesium var. basifolium and H. caesium var. imitans are proposed.

Abstract: Sida asiatica L. was proposed in the dissertation of Tomer (Linnaeus, 1756), having previously been mentioned in Species Plantarum (Linnaeus, 1753: 685) as Sida abutilon var. 13. As fully explained by Borssum Waalkes (1966: 175), the elements actually cited, "Fl. Zeyl..'520.1747", which is linked to a drawing in the Hermann Herbarium, and "Pluk. phyt. 126. f. 5. 1692" as well as a specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN 866.27), do not agree with Linnaeus' actual description. Linnaeus (1762: 963) points out how his Sida asiatica and Sida indica differ, yet the three elements mentioned in 1756 all clearly belong to Sida indica. Both species are now placed in Abutilon, and A. asiaticum (L.) Sweet has long been used for a taxon which agrees with Linnaeus' description of S. asiatica. Borssum Waalkes treated this taxon as a subspecies of A. indicum (L.) Sweet but avoided using the epithet asiaticum and instead adopted that of a taxon described from West Africa Sida guineensis Schumach. & Thonn., 1827, which he considered taxonomically indistinguishable from A. asiaticum auctt. If one accepts Borssum Waalkes' classification of the group, i.e., a single species, A. indicum (L.) Sweet, divided into subsp. indicum and subsp. guineense (Schumach. & Thonn.) Borssum Waalkes (as, for example, has Philcox, 1997: 340), then the problem of the typification of Sida asiatica is of little practical consequence. All recent workers on African Malvaceae, however, have treated A. guineense (Schumach. & Thonn.) Bak. f. & Exell as a separate species, as also has Fryxell (1989: 206). By treating A. asiaticum as a synonym of his A. indicum subsp. guineensis, Borssum Waalkes in effect typified Sida asiatica by the description and rejected the cited elements and the Linnaean specimen-something that has not been possible since the option of typification by a description was removed from the ICBN at the Sydney Congress in 1981. It is clear that some definite action must be taken. C. Jarvis (BM) has informed me that he knows of no formal typification of Sida asiatica nor of the existence of any original elements in any other Linnaean herbaria, He suggested that lectotypification of Sida asiatica by one of the original elements was probably the best solution; S. asiatica would then become a synonym of A. indicum and the epithet guineense would be the correct one at both specific and subspecific rank. In his recent list of Abutilon species Fryxell (2002: 83) has stated under A. asiaticum "Type: specimen unknown". Since it seems probable that specimen LINN 866. 27 was not in Linnaeus' herbarium at the time of the description of Sida asiatica (Fosberg, 1966: 148), I formally select the Hermann drawing illustrating Fl. Zeyl. 520 as lectotype of Sida asiatica L. Consequently, Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet becomes a synonym of A. indica (L.) Sweet and the correct name for the species to which the name A. asiaticum has been applied is A. guineense (Schumach. & Thonn.) Bak. f. & Exell. This accords with current usage and the treatment I have written for the Flora of Tropical East Africa fascicle on Malvaceae (a multiauthored account which will not be published for many years).

Abstract: The nomenclature history of the Seslerietalia apenninae, Seslerion apenninae and Seslerietum apenninae, three crucial syntaxonomic units typical of the Apennine (sub)alpine calcareous grasslands, is discussed. The paper suggests the correct names of the syntaxa and provides their nomenclature typification according to thc Code of Phytosciological Nomenclaturc (Ed. 3). All three syntaxa considered were validly published by Bruno'& Furnari (1966).

Abstract: Kepi is a fermented milk beverage that originated in Eastern Europe. Traditional Kepi is a lightly acidic, carbonated beverage, with a slight yeasty taste. The starter used to produce this beverage is an irregularly shaped, yellowish-white grain-like structure similar in appearance to a cauliflower floret. The characteristic flavour of Kepi is produced by a complex spectrum of microbial species that include species of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria and mycelial fungi. At the end of the fermentation process the grainy starter can be recovered and re-used, since the microbes can easily be recovered as a solid matrix. The microbes comprising Kepi grains have only been identified using classical identification techniques such as selective growth media, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to typify and identify the complex microbial consortium present in the Kepi grains. A part of the 168 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from the microbial population in mass-cultured, traditionally cultured and Irish Kepi grains were amplified using 'Eubacterial' specific primers and a part of the 268 rRNA gene was amplified using yeast specific primers. The PCR fragments were resolved by DGGE, resulting in unique fingerprints for the Eubacteria and yeasts present in the different Kepi grain types. The traditionally cultured Kepi grains were found to incorporate the most Eubacteria and yeast species, while the mass-cultured Kepi grains contained the lowest number of Eubacteria and yeast species. The different Eubacteria and yeast species were identified by cloning the PCR products and sequencing the cloned inserts. The obtained DNA sequences were compared to sequences available on the NCBI website. 8ix lactobacilli were identified: Lb. crispatus (KC-4); three Lb. species (KC-36, KC-38 and KC-43); and two unculturable lactobacilli (KC-2 and KC-3). The yeasts were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (KC-y18) and Candida lambica (KC-y1). Unidentified isolates from kefiran strings that could not be identified using traditional methods were also identified by cloning the PCR products and sequencing the cloned inserts. The four isolates were identified as Lb. kefiri (KGI-A), Lb. parakefiri (KGIB), Lb. gallina rum (KGI-D) and an unculturable Lactobacillus (KGI-5). Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za

Abstract: Poa scariosa was reported from Spain by Lagasca (1816: 3) who gave the following description: "panicula elongata, contracta subsecunda: glumae valvulis scariosis cuspidatis: spiculis subseptemfloris", along with the statement, "Hab. circa Gades. semina misit cl. D. D. Antonio Cabrera". Later, Ascherson & Graebner (1900: 502), placed Lagasca's species within the genus Festuca. As mentioned in the protologue Antonio Cabrera, a botanist from Cadiz, sent seeds from "around Cadiz". The same collector also sent many other materials (belonging to different families), some of which formed the basis for Lagasca's new species, including the grasses Rottboellia cylindrica and Anthoxanthum ovatum. It is very probable that Lagasca grew plants from the seeds of Poa scariosa at the Madrid Botanical Gardens and described the species using this material. However, no original specimens seem to exist, either at the MA Herbarium where many of the specimens collected or identified by Lagasca are found (cf. Bellot & Casaseca, 1975; Bellot & Ron, 1970; Femaindez Casas & Gamarra, 1993) or at any other Spanish or foreign herbaria. The same is also true of other species described by Lagasca. Regarding the typification of such species, several authors (cf. Carrasco, 1976; Talavera & Mufioz Garmendia, 1989; Peris & al., 1990) have suggested that neotypes be designated. Accordingly, a neotype for Poa scariosa Lag. is designated here.

Abstract: This article deals with the lectotypification of Elaphoglossum tomentosum and E heterolepis Both names apply to species of leptosporangiate ferns from the Mascarene Islands The typification of these names is clarified to establish their correct application for a revision of the Mascarene Elaphoglossum species

Abstract: Most of the Bupleurum species to be included in the forthcoming Volume X of Flora iberica have been typified or publication of the type is expected soon. Information on types of annual species of Bupleurum is provided by S. Snogerup & B. Snogerup in Willdenowia 31: 205-308 (2001). Types of several Linnaean species of Bupleurum (perennials) have been selected by J. P. Reduron and myself, in collaboration with the Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project (Natural History Museum, London), and their publication is expected soon. However, four of the taxa recognized in my account of Bupleurum for Flora iberica still require typification.

Abstract: Notholaena has been accepted widely as the name for a genus of ferns inhabiting arid and seasonally dry habitats. Prior to 1950, a few authors, notably Mettenius (1859), Domin (1914-1915), and Copeland (1947), treated Notholaena as a synonym of a broadly circumscribed Cheilanthes Sw. Since 1950, a few authors have followed Mickel (1979) in this practice, and have done so in the context of various floristic projects for the pragmatic reason of avoiding having to deal with some aspects of the complex morphological variation that can confound generic recognition in the cheilanthoid ferns as a whole. In most floristic and taxonomic accounts of the group from the last two centuries, authors have accepted the genus Notholaena. However, typification of the name and resulting taxonomic circumscription of the genus have remained controversial, in spite of attention from highly respected pteridologists. The typification of Notholaena, variously treated as a member of Pteridaceae or Sinopteridaceae, was discussed in detail by Pichi Sermolli (1983, 1989) and is summarized briefly here. When he first described Notholaena in a treatise on plants of "New Holland" [Australia], Robert Brown (1810) named three Australian species, N. distans R. Br., N. vellea R. Br., and N. pumilio R. Br. He also admitted two additional taxa from outside the region to Notholaena, namely Acrostichum marantae L. [N. marantae (L.) R. Br.] and Pteris trichomanoides L. [N. trichomanoides (L.) R. Br.]. In a cryptic statement, he implied that his concept of the genus extended beyond those taxa specifically mentioned ["...et aliae nonnullae ineditae," (and several others, unpublished)]. Brown's brief description was sufficiently concise that it applies to all five of the original species. In fact, it is sufficiently imprecise that it could be applied to many other species of cheilanthoid ferns: Sori marginales, continui v. interrupti. Involucrum nullum (nisi setae interstinctae v. squamulae lanave frondis). Three different attempts have been made to lectotypify Notholaena, but none has yet been universally accepted. John Smith (1875) published the first of these, selecting the Antillean Pteris trichomanoides as the type, though supplying no rationale for choosing this species. Underwood (1899) chose as the lectotype Notholaena distans, which occurs in Australia, New Zealand, and a few other Pacific islands. This typification has the appeal that Brown was writing on Australian plants, and N. distans is the only type suggested thus far that is referable to an Australian taxon. However, Underwood selected it only because of the stated reason that it was the first taxon listed by Brown, a method of selection that has been considered largely mechanical by the Code (Art. 10.5; Art. 10 Ex. 7, a "voted example"). Few authors have adopted it, although it was independently redesignated by Copeland (1947). The third attempt to typify the genus was in Index Filicum by Christensen (1905-1906), who designated Acrostichum marantae L. as the type. Like Smith (1875), Christensen did not provide any reason for his choice. Many later authors accepted Christensen's (1905-1906) lectotypification without further investigation. For example, the Index Nominum Genericorum project (Farr & al., 1979) cited N. marantae as the generic type, referencing Index Filicum without further comment. Pichi Sermolli (1977) adopted Christensen's lectotypification in his comprehensive classification of fern families and genera and later (1983, 1989) provided arguments in support of this choice. He also argued to overturn the initial lectotypification by John Smith "since it was based upon a misinterpretation of its original description and was established without sufficient understanding of Brown's genus" (Pichi Sermolli, 1983: 112-117). This in part reflects the wording of editions of the ICBN prior to the Sydney Congress in 1981 (e.g., Stafleu & al., 1978: Art. 8.1), before the option of superseding had the current more stringent requirement of the first selected type being "in serious conflict with the protologue" (Art. 10.5 of the current edition of the ICBN Greuter & al., 2000). Pichi Sermolli took this view mainly because Brown did not mention the possibility of fronds with farinose indument, such as possessed by N. trichomanoides. We point out that the ICBN has never required that a rationale be given for the choice of lectotype, nor does it suggest that one may exclude a species (like N. trichomanoides) from consideration that possesses a trait (such as farina) differing from the condition found in other species included in the original circum-