About: Trichogramma is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1508 publications have been published within this topic receiving 23532 citations. The topic is also known as: dñañlgkñldkgñdkfgñlkfñglkgñldf.
TL;DR: All Trichogramma programs must address the following four aspects to be successful commercially: selection of the appropriate population is based on inter- and intraspecific variation, as well as on current definitions of parasitoid quality.
Abstract: Major contributions to the release of Trichogramma for biological control of lepidopterous pests have been made in the past 20 years. Most trials have used only five species of Trichogramma against two pests; Ostrinia in corn is considered the most universally feasible. All Trichogramma programs must address the following four aspects to be successful commercially. Selection of the appropriate population is based on inter- and intraspecific variation, as well as on current definitions of parasitoid quality. Mass rearing is comprised of both host and parasitoid components, although major emphasis is now on developing artificial systems. Effective distribution of Trichogramma requires supportive extension and advanced technology. Strategies for use in the field vary according to the approach desired (inundative or inoculative), the timing, frequency and rate of release, and the multiple factors that affect release, such as the weather, crop, host, predation, pesticides, and dispersal. The past difficulty in...
TL;DR: This text provides a broad overview of the use and potential of egg parasitoids in biological control and has been developed by members of the working group "Trichogramma and Other Egg Parasitoids" of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC).
Abstract: The importance and advantages of biological control methods in pest management strategies for plant protection are well recognized. Egg parasitoids are among the most significant biological control agents of a number of major insect pests, including pests of corn, sugarcane, cotton, fruit trees and vegetables. Parasitoid species are widely distributed throughout the world and by far the most important are the tiny wasps of the genus Trichogramma. It is estimated that world-wide more than 32 million hectares in agriculture and forestry have been treated annually with Trichogramma. This text provides a broad overview of the use and potential of egg parasitoids in biological control. Its 12 chapters cover both theoretical and practical aspects and have been developed by members of the working group "Trichogramma and Other Egg Parasitoids" of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). The book is thus aimed at a wide audience of advanced students, research workers and advisers in biological control, entomology and crop protection.
TL;DR: Completely parthenogenetic Trichogramma wasps can be rendered permanently bisexual by treatment with three different antibiotics or high temperatures, which strongly suggests that maternally inherited microorganisms cause parthenogenesis in these wasps.
Abstract: Completely parthenogenetic Trichogramma wasps can be rendered permanently bisexual by treatment with three different antibiotics or high temperatures. The evidence strongly suggests that maternally inherited microorganisms cause parthenogenesis in these wasps. Theories predict female-biased sex ratio in offspring under the influence of maternally inherited symbionts, but extreme sex ratios of 100% females were never considered because the lack of males would prevent the host's reproduction.
TL;DR: The results show clear trends in diversity and hosts of Trichogramma in the New World, with emphasis in South America, and in biological control and Integrated Pest Management, which has implications for future generations of scientists and policymakers.
Abstract: 1. Reproduction and Immature Development of Egg Parasitoids Guy Boivin.- 2. Nutritional Ecology of Insect Egg Parasitoids S. Bradleigh Vinson.- 3. Antennal Structures Used in Communication by Egg Parasitoids Roberto Romani, Nunzio Isidoro, Ferdinando Bin.- 4. Host Searching by Egg Parasitoids: Exploitation of Host Chemical Cues Stefano Colazza, Ezio Peri, Gianandrea Salerno, Eric Conti.- 5. Genetics of the Behavioral Ecology of Egg Parasitoids Eric Wajnberg.- 6. Sex Ratio Modulators of Egg Parasitoids James Russell, Richard Stouthamer.- 7. Systematics of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with a Focus on the Genera Attacking Lepidoptera Ranyse B Querino, Roberto A Zucchi, John D. Pinto.- 8. Diversity and hosts of Trichogramma in the New World, with emphasis in South America Roberto A Zucchi, Ranyse B Querino, Renata C Monteiro.- 9. Species Diversity and Host Associations of Trichogramma in Eurasia Andrew Polaszek.- 10. Mass Rearing of Egg Parasitoids for Biological Control Programs Jose Roberto Postali Parra.- 11. In vitro Rearing of Egg Parasitoids Fernando L Consoli, Simon Grenier.- 12. Quality Control of Mass Reared Egg Parasitoids Joop C. van Lenteren, Franz Bigler.- 13. Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids other than Trichogramma - the Citrus and Grape Cases Jorge E. Pena, Josep A. Jacas, Serguei Tryapsin, Bryan J. Ulmer, R. E. Duncan.- 14. Egg Parasitoid Commercialization in the New World Jose Roberto Postali Parra.- 15. Egg Parasitoids in Biological Control and Integrated Pest Management Nick Mills.- 16. Risk Assessment and Non-Target Effects of Egg Parasitoids in Biological Control Franz Bigler, Dirk Babendreier, Joop C. van Lenteren.- 17. Genetically Modified Crops and Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids Julio S Bernal.