TL;DR: The phylogeny of Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) is evaluated using 70 morphological and anatomical characters and 81 terminal taxa and after successive reweighting of the characters and modified bootstrap tests the following is concluded.
TL;DR: It was shown that compound 8 inhibits inflammatory responses via suppression of the expression of iNOS and reduction of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, resulting from activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38).
Abstract: Eight new cafestol-type diterpenoids, tricalysins A–H (1–8), along with five known analogues (9–13), were isolated from the twigs of Tricalysia fruticosa. The structures of 1–8 were elucidated by the application of spectroscopic methods. Inhibitory effects of the isolates on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccaride-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated, and compound 8 exhibited the most potent bioactivity, with an IC50 value of 6.6 ± 0.4 μM. It was shown further that compound 8 inhibits inflammatory responses via suppression of the expression of iNOS and reduction of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, resulting from activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38).