TL;DR: A brand-new edition of this popular field guide, Reptiles and Amphibians describes and illustrates every species found in Britain and Europe and introduces you to the biology of reptiles and amphibians and how best to study this fascinating part of the authors' fauna.
Abstract: A brand-new edition of this popular field guide, Reptiles and Amphibians describes and illustrates every species found in Britain and Europe. This book contains descriptions of every species of salamander, newt, frog, tree frog, toad, tortoise, turtle, terrapin, gecko, agama, lizard, chameleon, slow worm, skink, amphisbaenian and snake found in mainland Europe. Every species and distinct subspecies is described in detail, with notes on its range, size, colour and markings, diagnostic characters, habitat, behaviour and, in the case of venomous snakes, the type and virulence of its poison. The final part of the book deals with the identification of the eggs and tadpoles of frogs, toads, newts and salamanders. There are also introductions to each group of animals, with helpful keys to aid identification where necessary, an introduction to the biology of reptiles and amphibians and how best to study this fascinating part of our fauna. The book is also beautifully illustrated with 49 colour plates and distribution maps for each species.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that tree frog attachment forces are significantly enhanced by close contacts and boundary friction between the pad epidermis and the substrate, facilitated by the highly regular pad microstructure.
Abstract: Tree frogs are remarkable for their capacity to cling to smooth surfaces using large toe pads. The adhesive skin of tree frog toe pads is characterized by peg-studded hexagonal cells separated by deep channels into which mucus glands open. The pads are completely wetted with watery mucus, which led previous authors to suggest that attachment is solely due to capillary and viscous forces generated by the fluid-filled joint between the pad and the substrate. Here, we present evidence from single-toe force measurements, laser tweezer microrheometry of pad mucus and interference reflection microscopy of the contact zone in Litoria caerulea, that tree frog attachment forces are significantly enhanced by close contacts and boundary friction between the pad epidermis and the substrate, facilitated by the highly regular pad microstructure.
TL;DR: The characteristics of the flank pattern in the nominal species P. callidryas and P. helenae, utilized by previous authors to separate them, are shown to be subject to individual and geographic variation.
Abstract: Resume The frog genus Phyllomedusa is represented in Costa Rica by six species. Analysis of variation in coloration, webbing, and measurements delineates features that distinguish the various forms. The characteristics of the flank pattern in the nominal species P. callidryas and P. helenae, utilized by previous authors to separate them, are shown to be subject to individual and geographic variation. The two forms represent two of many populations within a single species, P. callidryas. Reasons for not using the term subspecies for geographic segments of callidryas are presented. The diagnostic features and the geographic and ecologic distribution of the Costa Rican species, P. annae, P. calcarifer, P. callidryas, P. lemur, P. saltator and P. spurrelli, based on the entire species ranges, are discussed.
TL;DR: For example, this article found that males and females of the neotropical tree frog Elutherodactylus coqui respond to different notes in the two-note call of the male.
Abstract: Acoustic playback experiments with calling males in their natural habitat and two-choice orientation experiments with females indicate that males and females of the neotropical tree frog Elutherodactylus coqui respond to different notes in the two-note call of the male This functional dichotomy of the two notes in the male's call reflects a difference in the distribution of the best excitatory frequencies of primary auditory neurons for the males and females To the best of our knowledge, Eleutherodactylus is the first known example of a vertebrate in which the peripheral auditory sensitivity shows a sexual difference