TL;DR: It is important for clinicians caring for patients with a tracheostomy tube to understand the nuances of various tracheOSTomy tube designs and to select a tube that appropriately fits the patient.
Abstract: Tracheostomy tubes are used to administer positive-pressure ventilation, to provide a patent airway, to provide protection from aspiration, and to provide access to the lower respiratory tract for airway clearance. They are available in a variety of sizes and styles, from several manufacturers. The dimensions of tracheostomy tubes are given by their inner diameter, outer diameter, length, and curvature. Differences in length between tubes of the same inner diameter, but from different manufacturers, are not commonly appreciated but may have important clinical implications. Tracheostomy tubes can be angled or curved, a feature that can be used to improve the fit of the tube in the trachea. Extra proximal length tubes facilitate placement in patients with large necks, and extra distal length tubes facilitate placement in patients with tracheal anomalies. Several tube designs have a spiral wire reinforced flexible design and have an adjustable flange design to allow bedside adjustments to meet extra-length tracheostomy tube needs. Tracheostomy tubes can be cuffed or uncuffed. Cuffs on tracheostomy tubes include high-volume low-pressure cuffs, tight-to-shaft cuffs, and foam cuffs. The fenestrated tracheostomy tube has an opening in the posterior portion of the tube, above the cuff, which allows the patient to breathe through the upper airway when the inner cannula is removed. Tracheostomy tubes with an inner cannula are called dual-cannula tracheostomy tubes. Several tracheostomy tubes are designed specifically for use with the percutaneous tracheostomy procedure. Others are designed with a port above the cuff that allows for subglottic aspiration of secretions. The tracheostomy button is used for stoma maintenance. It is important for clinicians caring for patients with a tracheostomy tube to understand the nuances of various tracheostomy tube designs and to select a tube that appropriately fits the patient.
TL;DR: Use the following organized approach to determine whether a patient can be weaned from tracheostomy; it maintains the stoma tract and allows the patient to breathe and clear secretions through the upper airway.
Abstract: Use the following organized approach to determine whether a patient can be weaned from tracheostomy. Consider airway decannulation only if the original upper airway obstruction has resolved, if mechanical ventilation is no longer needed, and if airway secretions are controlled. Regard the presence of a vigorous cough and the absence of aspiration as additional portents of success. Most critically ill patients benefit from a well-planned, progressive weaning protocol. The tracheostomy button is an ideal weaning device; it maintains the stoma tract and allows the patient to breathe and clear secretions through the upper airway. Monitor the patient for up to 48 hours to ensure tolerance to decannulation.
TL;DR: A protocol for the monitoring and management of problems relating to the use of the Olympic Tracheostomy button with special emphasis on the needs of neurosurgical patients is suggested.
Abstract: This article describes and suggests a protocol for the monitoring and management of problems relating to the use of the Olympic Tracheostomy button with special emphasis on the needs of neurosurgical patients. A description of the Olympic Tracheostomy button is accompanied by a systematic checklist for nursing care supplemented by supporting rationale. The existence and availability of such a protocol for this patient group should focus the concern of all nursing personnel in a unified and orderly manner and heighten the index of suspicion for problems which may be subtle but potentially life-threatening.
TL;DR: Patients, after laryngectomy, sometimes have difficulty maintaining an adequate size of tracheal stoma, if careful skin-to-mucosa approximation is achieved without postoperative infection.
Abstract: Patients, after laryngectomy, sometimes have difficulty maintaining an adequate size of tracheal stoma. Various reasons for this are (1) a poorly constructed stoma, (2) postoperative infection at the skin mucosal line leading to a contracture ring, (3) spontaneous keloid formation, (4) poor healing in patients who have previously undergone irradiation for cancer of the larynx, and (5) refusal by the patient to undergo tracheal stomal revision. Obviously, the best treatment for a constricting tracheal stoma is operative revision of the stoma. In most cases this is successful, if careful skin-to-mucosa approximation is achieved without postoperative infection. The handling of this problem is well discussed by Martin. 1 The ideal tracheal stoma, of course, closely approximates the diameter of the trachea itself and requires no tubing. However, for the reasons listed above, a few patients do not secure an adequate tracheal-skin opening. Unless they wear standard tracheostomy tubes, the stoma soon