Tombstone (programming)

Abstract: Ludvik Kalus ; In this second "Reappraisal of the oldest Nusantara Islamic tombstones", L. Kalus and C. Guillot analyse the famous Leran stone, dated AD 1082 and believed to be the oldest Islamic tombstone in Southeast Asia. Ravaisse's interpretation of the epitaph (1925) only necessitates minor revisions. The palaeography of the inscription is exceptional and cannot be related to any part of the Islamic world, even though some of its features are reminiscent of the Iranian domain and Egypt. What is significant, however, is that there are actually in Leran four tombstones, which cannot be dissociated from one another. They are made of a kind of marble not to be found in the Archipelago. Moreover, one of the stones has clearly be cut in order to transform it into an anchor. It can be established that those four stones have no relation to any Islamic community in East Java at the end of the 1 1 th century, as has been surmised until now. They were used as ballast and anchor aboard a foreign ship and brought as such to Leran, most probably between the 1 1 th and the 14 th century.

Abstract: In approximately 1830, a set of new characteristics displaced three centuries of sepulchral tradition in the Jewish graveyards of Padua. Epitaph poetry was abandoned, replaced by a new prose epitaph that was much longer and emphasized individuality by recording detailed information about the deceased. Tombstone design was also revolutionized, adhering to the contemporary neoclassical tradition of European art. Yet a variety of features reflect the paradox that, for all their novelty, the modern epitaphs and tombstones continued to proudly express Jewish identity.

Abstract: System programming languages usually provide pointers so as to permit efficient and understandable programs to be written. Some higher level languages either avoid pointers altogether or greatly circumscribe pointers to guarantee safety, i.e., so that programs cannot gain access to storage in an inappropriate way. By combining the ideas of 1) pointer scope front Algol 68, 2) tombstones for invalidating dangling references, and 3) freezing which permits freeable objects to have scoped pointers, we solVe the problem of providing convenient and efficient pointers while simultaneously guaranteeing safety.

Abstract: Cemeteries give evidence for a continuous change in sepulchral culture and provide insights into the application of characteristical rock materials used for tombstones during different times. Four selected cemeteries in Dresden (the Eliasfriedhof/Elias Cemetery, the Trinitatisfriedhof/Trinity Cemetery, the Johannisfriedhof/Johannis Cemetery, and the Stadtischer Urnenhain/Municipal Urn Grove), which are of considerable cultural and historical importance, have been investigated within an ongoing mapping project. First results of this project focussing on the tombstone inventory of the mentioned graveyards and thus the use of building and decoration stones therein between 1680 and 1945 are presented in this paper. It can be demonstrated that the choice, variety, and application of rock material depends on the infrastructure and transport possibilities, but is also strongly influenced by sepulchral cultural trends and the prevailing zeitgeist. Until the middle of the 19th century, nearly solely Elbe sandstone (from the area of the Elbsandsteingebirge/Elbe sandstone mountains), that was transported on the Elbe river by ship, is found as rock material for tombstones in Dresden cemeteries. Rapid construction and development of the railway network starting around 1840 improved the availability, at first, of regional rock material (e.g., from the Lausitz/Lusatia) and, later on, from about 1880, of national and international—especially European—rock material (e.g., from Franken/Franconia, France, Scandinavia). Furthermore, the Friedhofsreformbewegung/cemetery reform movement at the beginning of the 20th century, with its significant effect on the selection of rock types used for tombstones, marks another historical breakthrough.