TL;DR: A detailed survey of liquid-propellant rocket engine throttling can be found in this paper, where several methods of throttling are discussed, including high pressure drop systems, dual-injector manifolds, gas injection, multiple chambers, pulse modulation, throat throttling, movable injector components, and hydrodynamically dissipative injectors.
Abstract: Liquid-propellant rocket engines are capable of on-command variable thrust or thrust modulation, an operability advantage that has been studied intermittently since the late 1930s. Throttleable liquid-propellant rocket engines can be used for planetary entry and descent, space rendezvous, orbital maneuvering including orientation and stabilization in space, and hovering and hazard avoidance during planetary landing. Other applications have included control of aircraft rocket engines, limiting of vehicle acceleration or velocity using retrograde rockets, and ballistic missile defense trajectory control. Throttleable liquid-propellant rocket engines can also continuously follow the most economical thrust curve in a given situation, as opposed to making discrete throttling changes over a few select operating points. The effects of variable thrust on the mechanics and dynamics of an liquid-propellant rocket engine as well as difficulties and issues surrounding the throttling process are important aspects of throttling behavior. This review provides a detailed survey of liquid-propellant rocket engine throttling centered around engines from the United States. Several liquid-propellant rocket engine throttling methods are discussed, including high-pressure-drop systems, dual-injector manifolds, gas injection, multiple chambers, pulse modulation, throat throttling, movable injector components, and hydrodynamically dissipative injectors. Concerns and issues surrounding each method are examined, and the advantages and shortcomings compared.
TL;DR: A detailed survey of liquid-propellant rocket engine throttling can be found in this article, where several methods of LRE throttling are discussed, including high-pressure-drop systems, dual-injector manifolds, gas injection, multiple chambers, pulse modulation, throat throttling, movable injector components, and hydrodynamically dissipative injectors.
Abstract: Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines (LREs) are capable of on-command variable thrust or thrust modulation, an operability advantage that has been studied intermittently since the late 1930s. Throttleable LREs can be used for planetary entry and descent, space rendezvous, orbital maneuvering including orientation and stabilization in space, and hovering and hazard avoidance during planetary landing. Other applications have included control of aircraft rocket engines, limiting of vehicle acceleration or velocity using retrograde rockets, and ballistic missile defense trajectory control. Throttleable LREs can also continuously follow the most economical thrust curve in a given situation, compared to discrete throttling changes over a few select operating points. The effects of variable thrust on the mechanics and dynamics of an LRE as well as difficulties and issues surrounding the throttling process are important aspects of throttling behavior. This review provides a detailed survey of LRE throttling centered around engines from the United States. Several LRE throttling methods are discussed, including high-pressure-drop systems, dual-injector manifolds, gas injection, multiple chambers, pulse modulation, throat throttling, movable injector components, and hydrodynamically dissipative injectors. Concerns and issues surrounding each method are examined, and the advantages and shortcomings compared.
TL;DR: In this paper, an 8 MW reference wind turbine is described in terms of mass distribution, dimensions, power curve, thrust curve, maximum design load and tower configuration, which is intended to bridge the gap between the NREL 5 MW and DTU 10 reference turbines.
Abstract: An 8 MW wind turbine is described in terms of mass distribution, dimensions, power curve, thrust curve, maximum design load and tower configuration. This turbine has been described as part of the EU FP7 project LEANWIND in order to facilitate research into logistics and naval architecture efficiencies for future offshore wind installations. The design of this 8 MW reference wind turbine has been checked and validated by the design consultancy DNV-GL. This turbine description is intended to bridge the gap between the NREL 5 MW and DTU 10 reference turbines and thus contribute to the standardisation of research and development activities in the offshore wind energy industry.
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved methodology is applied on actuator disc in order to take all the operational and geometrical characteristics into account such as airfoil type, angular velocity, twist, and chord distribution.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results of optimisation of sounding rockets using hybrid propulsion and provide insight into the sensitivity of different design parameters on performance of hybrid sounding rockets and delve into the potential and challenges of using hybrid rocket technology for expendable suborbital applications.