Abstract: [1] The narrow westward flow of the South Equatorial Current (SEC), centered at 12°S and carrying freshened water from the Indonesian seas, is traced across the Indian Ocean using data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. The jet is remarkably zonal and quasi-barotropic, following the potential vorticity contours characteristic of the tropics, separating higher-oxygen and lower-nutrient waters of the subtropics from the oxygen-depleted waters of the tropics. The fresh surface waters are the usual Indonesian Throughflow Water reported previously. Less well studied is the intermediate-depth SEC carrying fresher water from the Banda Sea and Pacific, known as Indonesian Intermediate Water (IIW) or Banda Sea Intermediate Water. The high-silica signature of IIW is documented here, permitting us to (1) trace the spread of IIW from sill density at Leti Strait to higher density as it is diluted toward the west and (2) define an IIW core for transport estimates, of 3 to 7 Sv westward, using geostrophic and LADCP velocities. The high IIW silica is traced to the Banda Sea, arising from known diapycnal mixing of Pacific waters entering through Lifamatola Strait and local sources. New heat, freshwater, oxygen, and silica budgets within the Indonesian seas suggest at least 3 Sv of inflow through the relatively deep Lifamatola Strait, supplementing the observed 9 Sv through the shallower Makassar Strait. Both shallow and deep inflows and outflows, along with vigorous mixing and internal sources within the Indonesian seas, are required to capture the transformation of Pacific to Indonesian Throughflow waters.

Abstract: [1] Analyses of ocean current measurements from two moorings in the Makassar Strait (MAK-1, December 1996 to July 1998, and MAK-2, December 1996 to February 1998) with newly processed acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data provide a new estimate of transport and vertical velocity structure for this important passageway of the Indonesian Throughflow. The 7-month record of the MAK-1 ADCP and the 3-month record of the MAK-2 ADCP, nominally set at depths of 150 m, are extrapolated to the end of the mooring period using a surface layer relationship to the shallowest current meter at 200 m and to the regional winds. The southward transport within Makassar Strait is confined for the most part to the upper 750 m, above the blocking topographic sill of Makassar Strait. The transport maximum occurs within the thermocline (100–300 m). After the temporal mean flow has been removed, the vertical structure of the along channel flow in the upper 750 m is decomposed using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. The first two modes contain 91% of the total variance. For the entire mooring period, the total depth-integrated transport was 8.1 ± 1.5 Sv (Sv = 1 × 106 m3/s), with 7.9 ± 1.2 Sv for calendar year1997. During the peak of 1997/1998 El Nino from September 1997 to mid-February 1998, the first mode time series displays northward flow, enhancing the vertical shear within the thermocline and reducing the mean throughflow to 4.6 ± 0.9 Sv.

Abstract: In this paper we study gravitational instability of a saline boundary layer formed by evaporation induced upward throughflow at the horizontal surface of a porous medium. Van Duijn et al. [P.A.C. Raats, D. Smiles, and A.W. Warrick (Eds.), Environmental Mechanics – Water, Mass and Energy Transfer in the Biosphere – The Philip Volume, Geophys. Monographs, Vol. 129, American Geophysical Union, 2002, pp. 155–169], derived stability bounds by means of linear stability analysis and an (improved) energy method. These bounds do not coincide, i.e. there exists a subcritical region or stability gap in the system parameter space which is due to the asymmetry of the linear part of the perturbation equations. We show that the linear operator can be symmetrized by means of a similarity transformation. For system parameter values in the stability gap, we show that there exist initial perturbations for which the linearly stable system exhibits transient growth. We show that transient growth is norm dependent by considering weighted norms, which are induced by a one-parameter family of similarity transformations.  2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Abstract: This paper describes a throughlow analysis tool based on a modern finite-volume approach. The numerical model is obtained by averaging the 3-D Navier-Stokes equations in the blade passage, keeping only the axisymmetric part of the equations. The averaging reduces the spatial dimension of the problem but introduces additional terms, the blade forces, which have to be modeled. In the present viscous throughflow model, the 2-D annulus endwall flow is captured by the resolution of the Navier-Stokes equations coupled to a simple mixing-length turbulence model. This allows to simulate high energy interactions and high losses near the endwalls. However, 3-D features such as tip or corner flows cannot be predicted in axisymmetric computations. In the present contribution, these 3-D effects are modeled using empirical correlations from the literature. They are introduced into the equations, together with the profile losses, by the so-called distributed loss model. Two test-cases, a high subsonic single stage compressor and a low speed three stage compressor, show the potential of the method.

Abstract: The Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is studied using historic hydrographical data with purpose of obtaining a description of the characteristics of the large-scale flow and an understanding of both the forcing and control of the flow. The investigation makes use of the steric sea level and the contents of freshwater and heat in the water column integrated down to the depth of the deepest connection (effective sill depth) between the Pacific and Indian Oceans within the Indonesian seas. It is shown that it is mainly low-saline water of North Pacific origin that fills the upper part of both the Indonesian seas and a downstream buoyant (surface) pool (DBP) that stretches horizontally over a large part of the North Australian Basin. The long-term mean steric sea level in the Indonesian seas is approximately horizontal and equal to the sea level in the neighboring part of the Pacific Ocean. This indicates small frictional losses against the mean throughflow, which is verified using a coupled multiple basin model of the Indonesian seas. The change of the steric sea level, from the Pacific Ocean level to the Indian Ocean level, occurs essentially at the border between the DBP and the adjacent Indian Ocean. It is found that Darwin is situated inside the DBP, indicating that the sea level recorded in this place is a poor representative of mean and low frequency parts of the sea level variability of the Indian Ocean. It is argued that the control of ITF is set by the baroclinic transport capacity of the DBP relative to the adjacent (Indian Ocean) water. The mean ITF, estimated as the outflow from the DBP to the South Equatorial Current, is about 10 Sv. The integrated ITF imprint is fresh and cold and the net heat transport is estimated to be 0.3 PW. The buffering capacity of the DBP is about 5 years, so variations in the circulation should be modest on shorter time-scales. It is suggested that the atmospheric transfer of freshwater to the North Pacific and vertical mixing in the North Pacific provide the driving of the mean ITF and that ITF is a major branch of the estuarine-type vertical circulation of the North Pacific.

Abstract: The Princeton Ocean Model (POM), as implemented for the Japan (East) Sea (JES) with mesoscale-admitting resolution is driven by seasonal throughflow and synoptic atmospheric forcing for 1999 through 2001. Temperature and salinity profiles from shipborne and PALACE float CTDs, and horizontal velocities at 800 m from PALACE float trajectories, plus horizontal velocities at 15 m from WOCE surface drifters for 1988 through 2001, are used to assess the performance of the numerical simulations for a base case. General agreement exists in the circulation at 15 and 800 m and the horizontal and vertical structure of the upper ocean temperature and salinity fields. The mean observed flow at 15 m defines the two branches of the Tsushima Warm Current and hints at the existence of a large cyclonic gyre over the Japan Basin, which the simulations also produce. The mean observed flow at 800 m defines a large cyclonic recirculation gyre over the Japan Basin that validates the simulated flow pattern. Variances of the observed and simulated flows at 15 and 800 m have similar patterns. The main discrepancies are associated with the strength of the seasonal thermocline and halocline and the location of the Subpolar Front. When smoother topography and smaller lateral friction are used in other cases, the thermocline and halocline strengthen, agreeing better with the observed values, and when 80% of total outflow transport is forced to exit through Soya Strait, the Subpolar Front extends along the coast to the north of Tsugaru Strait, which is an observed feature absent in the base case.

Abstract: Buoyancy effects can be significant in the rotating annular cavities found between compressor discs in gas-turbine engines, where Rayleigh numbers above 1012 are common. In some engines, the cavity is ‘closed’, so that the air is confined between four rotating surfaces: two discs and inner and outer cylinders. In most engines, however, the cavity is ‘open’, and there is an axial throughflow of cooling air at the centre. For open rotating cavities, a review of the published evidence suggests a Rayleigh-Benard type of flow structure, in which, at the larger radii, there are pairs of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic vortices. The toroidal circulation created by the axial throughflow is usually restricted to the smaller radii in the cavity. For a closed rotating annulus, solution of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, for Rayleigh numbers up to 109 , show Rayleigh-Benard convection similar to that found in stationary enclosures. The computed streamlines in the r-θ plane show pairs of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic vortices; but, at the larger Rayleigh numbers, the computed isotherms suggest that the flow in the annulus is thermally mixed. At the higher Rayleigh numbers, the computed instantaneous Nusselt numbers are unsteady and tend to oscillate with time. The computed time-average Nusselt numbers are in good agreement with the correlations for Rayleigh-Benard convection in a stationary enclosure, but they are significantly higher than the published empirical correlations for a closed rotating annulus.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

Abstract: Runoff is the movement of water across or through the land surface. Sometimes, the word runoff is used simply to refer to river discharge. However, there are many different types of runoff, including overland flow (surface runoff) or throughflow (subsurface runoff, sometimes also called interflow). Precipitation can either hit the surface of the hillslope directly or be intercepted by vegetation. This intercepted water can be stored on leaves and tree trunks which shelter the ground beneath, or it can trickle down to reach the surface via stem flow. There are then two possibilities for direct precipitation or stem flow, once it reaches the hillslope, either to infiltrate into the soil or to pond up and flow over the surface as overland flow. Water that enters the soil may percolate down or move laterally through the soil as throughflow, or it may return to the surface where the soil becomes saturated. The following sections provide details on each of the main interlinked overland flow and subsurface drainage mechanisms. Keywords: runoff; overland; flow throughflow; matrix flow; pipeflow; soil pipes; macropores macropore flow; infiltration surface flow; interflow groundwater; groundwater flow darcy's law; drainage; flow pathway; stem flow interception; hortonian overland flow; infiltration-excess overland flow; saturation-excess overland flow; infiltration capacity; partial contributing area; variable source area; return flow; baseflow; stormflow; hydraulic conductivity; pore water pressure; hydrograph; piston flow

Abstract: In order to harvest runoff to palliate water disaster as well as effectively manage irrigation and fertilizer application in the studied region, it is necessary to better understand the runoff processes. A newly designed runoff collection system for a plot scale was used to partition runoff under contrasting rainfall events into surface flow and subsurface flow to obtain characteristics of surface runoff and throughflow in a purple soil (Regosols in FAO taxonomy, Entisol in USDA taxonomy) of Sichuan, China. Under small rainfall (shower and drizzle), only surface runoff was observed. It is noted that, under shower, particularly with antecedent dry soil conditions, the highest peak surface runoff significantly lagged behind that of rainfall, because air-locked soil pores of the top layer appeared temporally. Under rainstorm and downpour, surface runoff and throughflow both commenced and showed hysteresis. The hydrograph of surface runoff better resembled that of rainfall than throughflow did. The durations of throughtlow discharge of post-rainfall-end were near the same (within 24 h) under various rainfalls and rather dependent upon the soil properties than the rainfall characteristics. Throughflow is about 60-90% of total runoff, and especially significant in a ploughed layer under downpour. The chloride concentration of throughflow was over twice that of surface runoff and rainfall, implying that throughflow contains more nutrients than surface runoff. Presumably, surface runoff was primarily governed by an infiltration-excess or saturated excess-infiltration mechanism under unsaturated or saturated soil conditions. Therefore, the management of water and fertilizer, and the harvesting of water flow in the ploughed soil layer, should be emphasized in this region.

Abstract: A silencer in a flow duct ( 10 ) comprises at least one plate-shaped element ( 12 ) which extends essentially parallel to the throughflow direction ( 16 ) of the flow duct. Integrated in the plate-shaped element ( 12 ), preferably in the downstream region, are means ( 13, 14 ) for feeding and for spraying a liquid ( 15 ) into the throughflow of the flow duct. The spraying means are preferably arranged in such a way that the liquid ( 15 ) is sprayed at an angle of at least 30° to the throughflow ( 16 ). The silencer according to the invention is used, for example, in the intake duct of a gas turboset.

Abstract: From visualizations and velocity measurements, we study the formation of new spiral patterns at the periphery of a rotor-stator cavity when an axial inward throughflow is superimposed. We determine the transition diagram for a given intermediate aspect ratio in the plane ( the axial velocity in the radial gap between the rotating disk and the shroud. Both techniques are used to characterize the frequency, the azimuthal wavenumber, the inclination angle of the spirals and to localize them axially and radially. We also show that this new instability is a crossflow instability due to the strong competition between rotation and throughflow.

Abstract: A mathematical basis for describing and analyzing holistic properties of ecosystems based on a fundamental theory of systems ecology, environ theory, is presented. The analytical methodology, network environ analysis (NEA), is introduced as a quantitative approach for ecological network analysis using a conceptual five-compartment steady-state model simulating the flow of a conserved tracer in an ecosystem. Throughflow, total system throughflow, and environ flow are presented as properties for analysis of ecosystems as networks. Quantitative information is generated for ten intercompartmental relationships within the network model for which no information is available from the simulated data. Results indicate that these ten relationships are indirect and account for 41.8% of total system throughflow in the network. In addition, the fate of system-level inputs in terms of environ flows and boundary exchanges give mathematical description of properties and relationships that are not observable based on the simulated data alone. It is proposed that a quantitative description of non-observable, indirect relationships should be developed in order for ecosystems to be designed and managed as interconnected, holistic systems, and that NEA offers promise in that direction.

Abstract: [1] The hydrological properties and circulation along the TIP (Transport Indian Pacific) section between Java and Australia in September 2000 at the end of the southeast monsoon season are described. It is a reoccupation of the JADE (Java Australia Dynamic Experiment) sections carried out in August 1989 and in February 1992, which encompass the throughflow between the Pacific and the Indian oceans. The net geostrophic transport in September 2000 is of the same order as the August 1989 estimate. The results from the three occupations reveal that the seasonal and inter-annual variability is predominant and during the three cruises the transport evaluations capture the largest variability of the throughflow.

Abstract: The remote control has a transmitter (3) for wireless transmission of a signal to control a desired temperature of an electric throughflow water heater. A control unit (4) creates a data protocol and controls the transmitter. An operating device (5) in a form of a push button is provided with a piezoelectric component (6) for supplying power to the remote control, where the device and component are enclosed in a housing. Independent claims are also included for the following: (A) an electric throughflow water heater comprising a remote control (B) a method for controlling desired temperature of an electric throughflow water heater.

Abstract: The fitting has a telescopic outflow conduit system with a throughflow tube (43) that is retained on a base unit and an outflow tube (45) that is longitudinally moved in relation to the throughflow tube, where one tube is an inner tube and the other tube is an outer tube. A resultant hydraulic force acting in a longitudinal direction is compensated for by frictional forces acting between the throughflow and outflow tubes.

Abstract: Regulation of the throughflow of metal melt is provided through a bottom nozzle of a metallurgical vessel having an upper nozzle arranged in the floor of the metallurgical vessel and a lower nozzle arranged below the upper nozzle. At least one inert gas inlet aperture is provided to the melt throughflow aperture, and a sensor is arranged on or in the lower nozzle for determining the layer thickness of metal clogging in the nozzle. The inert gas supply into the bottom nozzle is regulated using measurement signals of the sensor. A bottom nozzle for the metallurgical vessel is provided with a wall of the melt throughflow aperture through the nozzles being formed at least sealed against metal melt and the nozzles being at least partially surrounded by a gas-tight housing. The housing at its lower end encloses the lower nozzle at its periphery in a gas-tight manner and is arranged with a portion of its inner side abutting on the outer side of the nozzle. A thermally insulating solid is arranged between the wall of the melt throughflow aperture and the housing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fossil-energy heated continuous steam generator, whereby the at least one combustion chamber, viewed in the flow direction of the hot gases, is divided into at least two throughflow segments, formed by evaporator heating surfaces, whereby the evaporator heating surfaces each comprise steam generation tubes welded to each other in a gastight manner and pressurized in parallel with a flow medium. According to the invention, said generator is suitable for operation with high fresh steam parameters, such as for example, steam temperatures of approximately 700° C., with a simple construction and particularly simple assembly, whereby a throughflow segment, arranged after the first through flow segment, viewed in the direction of flow of the hot gases, forms the first evaporator stage for the flow medium, such that the injection of particularly cold flow medium can occur in the region of maximum heating.

Abstract: This paper took a four-stage power turbine incorporated in marine gas turbine as a model and performed a thorough 3D viscous numerical simulation so as to systematically study the aerodynamic characteristics of the variable-geometry power turbine.It was shown that the throughflow characteristics of the variable area nozzle turbine stage detrmines on the aerodynamic performance of the whole variable-geometry power turbine.When closing the variable area nozzle progressively,the suction surface separations in the downstream rotor result from the higher positive incidence,on the opening case,the pressure surface separations result from the larger negative incidence,however the suction surface 3D separation vortex flow can result in the obvious drop in turbine efficiency in contrast to the pressure surface separation.

Abstract: Natural convection in porous layers with throughflow has been considered by many authors as it is of considerable interest in a wide range applications [1-8]. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the development of convection under two typical boundary conditions, namely the isothermal and isoflux conditions. The onset of convection is first determined by the linear stability theory. The development of convection at supercritical Rayleigh numbers is next investigated by solving the complete set of governing equations. It is found that the development of natural convection under the effect of throughflows is due to subcritical instabilities, in agreement with both the linear stability and energy stability theories.

Abstract: The flow passage (4) for fluids has at least one wall bounding the flow passage in such a way that with a through-flow of a fluid at least one flow region is formed which has an axial and simultaneously tangential flow component. The wall is constructed in such a way that a circulating spiral flow is formed in areas or completely. The flow section of the flow passage is not cylindrical and is twisted in the axial direction so that with a throughflow of fluid a spiral-form flow is established at least in areas.

Abstract: Natural soil pipes are subsurface cavities of diameter greater than 1 mm that are continuous in length such that they can transmit water, sediment, and solutes through the soil and bypass the soil matrix. Soil pipes are larger versions of soil macropores. Pipes can be up to several meters in diameter, several hundred meters long, and occur in a broad range of environments. They are most common in soils that are subject to cracking in dry periods or are highly dispersible. Soils that have a significant amounts of swelling clays also commonly contain soil pipes (e.g., montmorillonite, illite, and bentonite). Piping is common in arid and semiarid areas where shrinking and desiccation cracking are common. Piping is also common in highly organic soils in humid uplands (e.g., blanket peats). However, soil pipes are found in virtually all climates, in organic and mineral soils, and on disturbed and undisturbed land. Keywords: throughflow; pipes; piping; pipe flow; erosion; discharge; tunnel erosion; pipe morphology; subsurface flow; subsurface erosion

Abstract: The device has at least one coolant feed and outlet, a number of. throughflow devices in at least two essentially parallel planes and at least two collection and/or distribution devices on the end sections of the individual throughflow devices. The coolant flows in at least one first longitudinal section of the device essentially simultaneously through essentially all the throughflow devices in this section.

Abstract: Darcy's law is a mathematical relationship originally determined by Henry Darcy in 1856 that permits quantification of fluid flow through porous media Many sophisticated theoretical and practical derivations have been based on Darcy's law, and it has become the foundation for quantitative groundwater flow science and soil physics In its most useful form, the formula can be used to calculate the amount of water (or other fluid) flowing through a given cross-sectional area of a porous substance and equates volumetric discharge per unit time (q) to the product of area (A), hydraulic gradient (I = change in head per unit length) and a coefficient (K = saturated hydraulic conductivity) In its simplest terms, the relationship may be expressed as q = KIA Keywords: groundwater flow; soil water; hydraulic conductivity; laminar flow; hydraulic gradient; throughflow

Abstract: The water-carrying domestic machine has more than one external water connection and/or a branched internal water feed and a throughflow water meter (4) for monitor the quantity of water flowing into the machine. The total water quantity flowing into the machine can be detected by one throughflow water meter that is permanently connected to a regulator (12) for producing mixed water.

Abstract: Introduction In the United Kingdom recent research on diffuse pesticide transport to surface waters has focused on drained soils for which preferential flow mechanisms in the unsaturated zone control the amounts and patterns of pesticide leaching. Soil surface conditions and rainfall characteristics are both key factors controlling the initiation and extent of pesticide-rich macropore flow and lateral throughflow to drains. The influence of rainfall characteristics (such as rainfall intensity, duration, sequence and timing) on pesticide transport has been widely studied. However, the condition of the top layer of soil during and following pesticide application also has an important role to play in controlling the subsequent fate and transport of pesticide. Little research to date has focused on the link between the development of a surface crust and the effect this process has on the subsurface transport of pesticide. This is despite the fact that the same winter-cereal cultivation techniques that are believed to be responsible for much diffuse pesticide transport to surface waters leave areas of soil bare, or with little cover, for prolonged periods during autumn and winter. This exacerbates aggregate breakdown, surface crust formation and soil erosion.

Abstract: The heat exchanger (1) transmits heat from a relatively hot fluid to a relatively cold fluid and comprises a cylindrical body (2) in which several plates extend together with wall parts which extend between the plates. Two plates and at least one wall part limit a throughflow space for one of the two fluids. This space has an inflow aperture (19) and an outflow aperture (39). Each plate on a first side limits a throughflow space for the relatively cold fluid and on a second side a throughflow space for the relatively hot fluid. The plates are positioned around the center line of the cylindrical body, in the direction of which they extend. All in-and outflow apertures are located at an axial outer end of the heat exchanger.