Abstract: Numerical experiments with two-dimensional nonhydrostatic model have been performed to investigate tidally generated internal waves at the Dewakang sill at the southern Makassar Strait where two large-amplitude “bumps” of relatively shallow water exist. We investigate the effect of these features on vertical mixing, with emphasis on the transformation of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) water properties. The result shows that large-amplitude internal waves are generated at both bumps by the predominant M2 tidal flow, even though the condition of the critical Froude number and the critical slope are not satisfied. The internal waves induce such vigorous vertical mixing in the sill region that the vertical diffusivity attains a maximum value of 6 × 10−3 m2s−1 and the salinity maximum and minimum core layers characterizing the ITF thermocline water are considerably weakened. Close examination reveals that bottom-intensified currents produced mainly by the joint effect of barotropic M2 flow and internal tides generated in the concave region surrounding both bumps can excite unsteady lee waves (Nakamura et al., 2000) on the inside slopes of the bumps, which tend to be trapped at the generation region and grow into large-amplitude waves. Such generation of unsteady lee waves does not occur in case of one bump alone. Trapping and amplification of the waves in the sill region induce large vertical displacements (∼60 m) of water parcels during one tidal period, leading to strong vertical mixing there. Since the K1 tidal currents are relatively weak, large-amplitude internal waves causing intense vertical mixing are not generated.

Abstract: [1] Using an ocean general circulation model, we find that the vertical profile of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport is important in regulating the stratification and surface heat fluxes of the Indian Ocean. With the same total ITF transport, a thermocline-intensified ITF, relative to a surface-intensified ITF, not only cools the surface layer of the Indian Ocean while warming the Indian Ocean below the thermocline, but also induces negative temperature anomalies at the sea surface throughout the Indian basin. As a consequence of this surface effect the net heat gain of the Indian Ocean is increased. The results suggest that it is necessary to properly represent the vertical profile of ITF transport within ocean and climate numerical models.

Abstract: This study documented the spatial and temporal variability of outflow from a forested hillslope segment during snowmelt at a small mountain catchment in south coastal British Columbia, Canada. A pit 5 m wide was established just upslope from the stream channel. Outflow from the organic horizon was intercepted and measured by a single trough, and outflow from the mineral horizons was measured separately for three adjacent sections. Throughflow exhibited non-steady-state behaviour involving shifting allocations of flow amongst different sections of the outflow pit, as well as threshold effects and hysteresis in the relationship between pit outflow and water table elevation. Most of the pit outflow originated from the mineral horizons, indicating that throughflow was the dominant pathway by which water was delivered to the stream channel. Direct precipitation and snowmelt onto near-stream saturated areas can account for less than 20% of the total outflow from the hillslope segment. Throughflow from the mineral sections consistently peaked either at the same time as or earlier than stream flow from the 150-ha catchment during diurnal snowmelt cycles, indicating that throughflow appears to respond rapidly enough to contribute to snowmelt-induced peak stream flow. Pit outflow cannot be extrapolated reliably to the catchment scale on the basis of simple length- or area-based ratios. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract: [1] Because of the high interannual and seasonal variability, transports from the various methods used to estimate the Indonesian throughflow encompass a large range of values. Here, we estimate a temporally integrated transport for the throughflow from comparison of the tritium water column inventory on both sides of the throughflow. Our approach is based on the simple idea that tritium, with a radioactive decay half-life of 12.32 yr, is well suited to infer the transit time (and consequently the mass flow) of the waters through the Indonesian archipelago. We show that the tritium budget implies a flow of 8.6 ± 4 Sv, corresponding to a transit time of 10.5 yr. This result, which represents an average over seasons and several ENSO and non-ENSO periods, shows that repeated tritium measurements on both sides of the Indonesian Seas could provide a useful method for monitoring the long-term evolution of the throughflow.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for measuring time-resolved volumetric throughflow processes, especially injection process in internal combustion engines, having a translational volume difference sensor having a piston disposed in a measuring compartment and a detection device detecting the excursion of the piston, the detection device being linked with an evaluation unit. According to the invention, a pressure sensor is mounted in the measuring compartment in addition to the detection device which detects the excursion of the piston. The signal of the detection device corresponding to the excursion of the piston can be better evaluated as the compressivity of the fluid in the measuring compartment can be taken into consideration for the calculation of the amount to be injected. The inventive device allows for a highly time-resolved representation of throughflow processes so that both overall amount and exact course of the throughflow can be represented and evaluated.

Abstract: A sanitary insert unit ( 1 ), which can be inserted into a discharge fitting is provided, comprising a substantially conically-shaped upstream sieve ( 2 ) with a downstream-located throughflow regulator ( 3 ) and a jet regulator ( 4 ) in a direction of flow. The throughflow regulator ( 3 ) is arranged substantially inside the inner area ( 6 ) of the insert unit, which is defined on the upper side by the upstream sieve ( 2 ). The throughflow regulator ( 3 ) has a cross-sectional shape that is substantially adapted to the cross-sectional profile of the upstream sieve ( 2 ). The throughflow regulator ( 3 ) has a rising sloping surface ( 9 ) which rises gradually in a radially inward manner from an outer, particularly annular, edge area and which leads to a control gap ( 10 ) or a similar throughflow opening that leads to the jet regulator ( 4 ). The rising sloping surface ( 9 ) and the upstream sieve are spaced apart from one another.

Abstract: The electric motor, especially for a cooling fan, has a motor housing, and an electronic module installed on an end section (3) of the motor housing and connected to it with heat conduction. The end section of the motor housing accommodating the electronic module has at least one throughflow opening (3a) for a cooling air flow, and air guiding surfaces (3b) formed in the wall regions of the throughflow opening and/or inside it extend along the cooling air flow and deflect it into the inside of the motor housing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous steam generator wherein an evaporator throughflow heating surface is disposed in a gas duct which can be cross flown in an approximately vertical manner in a heating gas device, said evaporator throughflow heating surface comprising a plurality of parallel connected steam generating pipes enabling a flow medium to flow through, also enabling particularly high operating stability and security during the supply of the flow medium having a comparatively high mass flow density. The inventive evaporator throughflow heating surface comprises a heating surface segment which can be cross-flown by the flow medium in an opposite direction to the gas duct, the flow medium side exit is positioned in such a manner that it can be seen in the heating direction of the gas such that the saturated steam generator which is adjusted during operation according to pressure in the evaporator throughflow heating surface deviates by less than a maximum predetermined amount from the heating gas temperature prevailing during operation at the position of the exit of the heating surface segment.

Abstract: . A laboratory experiment was designed to assess the impact of surface seal development on the hydrological response of a clay soil. The influence of surface sealing on vertical macropore flow and lateral throughflow was of particular interest. The extent and development of the surface seal in repacked lysimeters was designed to match that recorded over two growing seasons at a clay field site in Essex, and was not extensive enough to reduce significantly the infiltration capacity of the soil. Consequently, the hydrological response of the lysimeters was similar under sealed and unsealed conditions, with a more rapid wetting response under sealed conditions being attributed to the higher soil moisture content required to create the surface seal. Macropore flow was initiated at the A/B soil boundary of the lysimeters, in response to the development of a saturated layer. The rate of macropore and throughflow in the soil was dictated by rainfall intensity at the soil surface as this controlled the depth of water in the perched water table. Simulation of the tensiometer response in the lysimeters demonstrated that it was possible to attribute the rapid movement of water through the A horizon to water displacement processes alone, without recourse to preferential flow processes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a machine tool, especially a manual power tool, comprising a housing (10) provided with an arrangement containing openings (14) for the throughflow of a coolant for cooling at least one motor arranged in the housing (10). According to the invention, the openings (14) respectively have cross-sectional surfaces of between 0.15 mm2 and 10 mm2. The invention also relates to an arrangement for the throughflow of coolant.

Abstract: A laboratory experiment was designed to assess the impact of surface seal development on herbicide loss from a clay soil. The influence of surface sealing on herbicide loss through vertical macropores and lateral throughflow pathways was of particular interest. Losses of the phenylurea herbicide, isoproturon, increased from 0.025% to 0.5% of the total applied under sealed compared with unsealed conditions, as a result of two different mechanisms. First, an increased flow rate through the A horizon under the wetter, sealed conditions resulted in earlier initiation of, and hence a greater volume of, throughflow containing isoproturon in the lysimeters. Second, increased concentrations of isoproturon in macropore and throughflow under the sealed treatments were attributed to the physical and chemical characteristics of the surface seal. Localized reductions in infiltration capacity, changes in soil composition, and decrease in diffusion depth of herbicide within the surface seal are presented as possible mechanisms by which herbicide losses from the sealed soil lysimeters were enhanced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a throttle valve connection piece for an internal combustion engine. The piece includes a housing and a throughflow opening in which the valve is pivotably mounted around a pivot axis. The pivot axis extends in a perpendicular manner with respect to a longitudinal axis of the opening. The valve is used to close the throughflow opening. When in a closed position, the valve is inclined at a defined setting angle in relation to the longitudinal axis. The radial peripheral edge of the valve rests against the inner wall of the throughflow opening and the throughflow opening has a cylindrical shape at least in the region where the valve comes to rest. The cylindrical region of rest in relation to the longitudinal axis of the throughflow opening forms a circular cylinder which is cut on both sides at a certain angle, the levels of the cut are inclined at a similar angle in relation to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: In a method for detecting rotational speed of an internal combustion engine (1), a sector wheel (4) which is driven by the internal combustion engine (1) is scanned, the throughflow of a specific segment of the sector wheel is detected, the duration of said segment-throughflow is measured and a rotational speed value is determined therefrom. Additionally, the throughflow of a specific part of the segment is detected before and after determination of the rotational speed value and a gradient of the duration of the partial segment throughflow is determined in order to update the rotational speed value.

Abstract: A Lagrangian particle method which has been parallelized and embedded within a 2-D finite element code is used to study the transport and fate of contaminant plumes and ocean-estuary exchange processes in a well-mixed Gulf of Maine estuary. The particle method has been extended to include a random walk model in the horizontal that simulates sub-grid scale turbulent transport processes. This module has been formulated to allow for spatial variability in the diffusivity. The 2-D finite element model includes a porous medium transport module to treat the effects of wetting and drying of estuarine tidal flats. Due to the highly-complex, spatially dependent nature of tidal mixing and shear dispersion, contaminant transport is most naturally addressed through the Lagrangian methodology. Our approach involves instantaneous, massive particle releases that enable the quantification of ocean-estuary and inter-bay exchange along with the associated residence time. The results show that estuary-ocean exchange is significantly enhanced, and hence residence times reduced, by the presence of turbulent mixing, which combines with the effects of the sheared tidal currents to drive strong interbay exchange, and/or river input, which drives a mean throughflow. The particle approach helps to uncover the strong spatial dependent nature of the residence time within the estuary which has important ramifications for local water quality. The interbay exchanges are considered as a Markov process as discussed by Thompson et al. [11] and this framework is found to be useful.

Abstract: The high-pressure pump has a region (52) with the smallest throughflow cross-section between the valve element and the valve housing (36) that is arranged downstream after the sealing surface (48) of the valve element housing in the flow direction of the fuel flowing through the valve when the valve element is in the open position.

Abstract: not available for EP1623104Abstract of corresponding document: US2006091243A silencer in a flow duct ( 10 ) comprises at least one plate-shaped element ( 12 ) which extends essentially parallel to the throughflow direction ( 16 ) of the flow duct. Integrated in the plate-shaped element ( 12 ), preferably in the downstream region, are means ( 13, 14 ) for feeding and for spraying a liquid ( 15 ) into the throughflow of the flow duct. The spraying means are preferably arranged in such a way that the liquid ( 15 ) is sprayed at an angle of at least 30 DEG to the throughflow ( 16 ). The silencer according to the invention is used, for example, in the intake duct of a gas turboset.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for measuring time-resolved volumetric throughflow processes, especially injection process in internal combustion engines, having a translational volume difference sensor having a piston disposed in a measuring compartment and a detection device detecting the excursion of the piston, the detection device being linked with an evaluation unit. According to the invention, a pressure sensor is mounted in the measuring compartment in addition to the detection device which detects the excursion of the piston. The signal of the detection device corresponding to the excursion of the piston can be better evaluated as the compressivity of the fluid in the measuring compartment can be taken into consideration for the calculation of the amount to be injected. The inventive device allows for a highly time-resolved representation of throughflow processes so that both overall amount and exact course of the throughflow can be represented and evaluated.

Abstract: The objective of this study is to model the mean and seasonal mass transport of the Pacific to Indian Ocean throughflow using variable-grid global Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) with fine grid (1 degrees/6) covering the area from 20 S to 60 degrees N and from 98 E to 156 E. The computations show that Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) mass transport, computed as a sum of through-strait transport, has maximum transport in Sept. (17. 5Sv) and minimum transport in Jan. (9. 5Sv). The annual mean ITF transport amounts to 14. 5Sv. Twenty-two percent of this transport passes through Lombok Strait. Sixty-five percent of this transport passes through Timor Passage. Semi-annual variability is apparent in Lombok and Ombai Straits while annual variability is apparent in Timor Passage.

Abstract: This paper analyzed the unsteady evolvement process of vortices in cross flow fan using CFD simulation. Numerical analysis was based on unsteady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations coupled with κ - e Turbulence model. It was observed that an eccentric vortex was generated from the blade's trailing edge of the entry side after starting of the fan. It passed through impeller's interior region and moved towards the fan's exit side. The strong throughflow was controlled by the existence of the eccentric vortex. The vortices shed from impeller's outer circumference were unstable. They coalesced, gradually decayed, and were sucked into the impeller's interior region finally. The study clarified that it was the eccentric vortex brought about the throughflow, but not the occurrence of throughflow formed the eccentric vortex. The CFD simulation results approved Eck's vortex principle and validated the previously published experimental conclusion.

Abstract: An experimental investigation of the shrouded centrifugal backswept impeller flow field has been conducted at off-design flow using Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) and shaft encoder.Measurements of the three-dimensional velocity field at flow rates greater and smaller than design value were acquired.The measurements describe both the throughflow and secondary velocity field along several main planes through the passage.The velocity vector profile clearly documents the different positions,intensity and development of the separation flow when changing the inlet flow rates.The secondary velocity vector plots show that the migration of the secondary vortex across the main flow was influenced by flow rates which made the centrifugal and Coriolis force changing.

Abstract: The utility model discloses a by-pass smoke canal with a circular section, which consists of a body and is characterized in that the body has a circular section. Because the diameter influences the discharge current capability of a duct greatly, a large hydraulic diameter means that the fluid has a little contact with the duct wall for a small resistance and a large discharge current capability, and the duct is not easy to be blocked in case of a small section of throughflow. Among all the throughflow sections with an equal section area but different shape, the circular section has a maximum hydraulic diameter. Moreover, at the state of bearing a negative pressure, because the circular section has a larger safety coefficient than that of the rectangular section, thereby, the circular section has a better stability than the rectangular section. Against an equal section area, the circular section means that the material consumption can be decreased, the cost can be lowered and the product has a stronger competition force. Because the by-pass smoke canal has a circular section, thereby, the utility model has the advantages of a large throughflow capacity, an even force bearing, an economic material consumption, a lower cost, a strong market competition force and an easy processing.

Abstract: The flow device for especially a water circuit in heating systems has several distance rings (0.0) as flow accelerators built onto the heating surfaces (0.8) and with between two and four opening slots on their annular circumferential faces formed between spacing ribs. A flow filter is connected into the pipe system and consists of a main collecting and relief chamber (1.4,1.5), an additional throughflow area and additional throughflow elements (1.13), a second collecting device (1.12) constructed as a reversal chamber, and a gas collecting chamber (1.6).

Abstract: Variability in flow in shallow drains installed in a grazing catchment in South Australia was partly caused by the enormous variability in the saturated thickness of the texture-contrast soils each winter. Perched watertables did not always occur on top of the B horizon. The depth and thickness of saturation varied with landscape position (between texture-contrast soil types) and also seasonally at one landscape position. As drains were on a grade, they passed through a variety of texture-contrast soils with different soil chemistry, physical properties and depth of saturation. The presence of sodic subsoils with low hydraulic conductivity also had a major impact on drainage volumes, particularly throughflow. In some years the drains intercepted deep, perched water or groundwater, which rose into the zone of influence of the shallow drain. Flow in the drains was compared with those from other catchments with texture-contrast soils. Although drain flows are highly variable and dependent on very localised soil conditions making flow prediction difficult, a clear relationship was found between the average annual catchment drain flow and rainfall. Drains will average 10 mm flow (2.5 percent of annual rainfall) when rainfall is 400 mm, increasing to 100 mm (14%) when rainfall is 700 mm.

Abstract: Figure 2) in the observations wells will be useful in addressing these groundwater issues.Dissolved helium values should help to estimate the age of the water in the crater. If the water is extremely old,isotopic ratios of helium and other noble gases could provide information on the impact processes and materials. Cores were also sampled and preserved to analyze for evidence of microbial activity. Yellow-green fluorescent microspheres, which are highly visible in a core sample under the microscope, were added to the core barrel before coring to check for surface contamination (adapted from Smith et al.[2000]). If microbes are found, they may have been isolated for millions of years because of the unusually slow groundwater flow rates, and may have endured extreme environmental conditions during and following impact similar to those of the Earth’s early history. Acknowledgments

Abstract: To study the instability of flow and heat transfer within the rotation frame, a rotating cavity with air axial throughflow was studied numerically and efforts were focused upon the flow structure evolution with the increase of Rayleigh number. The cavity can be divided into two typical zones: the Rayleigh_Benard-like convection zone occupying the upper cavity and the forced convection zone down under. These two zones interact with each other via the exchange of mass, momentum and energy. Numerical analysis indicated that, for a fixed inlet Reynolds number, there always exists a critical Rayleigh number Rac , below which the flow is stable and over which the flow becomes unstable and time-dependent. Among all the forces in momentum equations, the centrifugal induced buoyancy force was found to be the key factor leading to instability, while the Coriolis force pays its contribution to instability by inducing its occurrence earlier and the flow structure more complicated though it may not lead to instable by itself. The instability originated in the upper R-B-like convection zone develops into the whole region with the increase of Rayleigh number. For the heat transfer, the characteristic distribution of local Nur along the disk surface is remarkably different before and right after the occurrence of instability due to flow structure variation though the averaged Nuav varies slightly. It was found that the heat transfer, however, does experience a sudden increase when the flow instability develops further with Ra increase.Copyright © 2004 by ASME

Abstract: Existing solutions for exchange flow through straits rely upon the decomposition of the flow into a finite number of layers which have constant density. In this paper we provide a solution to inviscid steady exchange flow between continuously stratified reservoirs, where it is assumed that the flow in each direction is independently self-similar. The solution requires knowledge only of the two reservoir stratifications and an imposed net barotropic throughflow. The solution includes regions of stagnant fluid which separate two counter-flowing, stably stratified layers, with the provision that the two active layers may touch at no more than one point. Comparison of the theoretical solution with numerical simulations indicates that the assumption of self-similarity is reasonable, and that the disparity between the theoretical and simulated flows can be attributed to the inclusion of diffusion and viscosity in the numerical model.