Abstract: The vertical structure of the exchange of water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans via the Indonesian throughflow and its temporal variability are examined. Since there are no simultaneous, direct observations of transport variations with depth at the inflow straits (Makassar, Maluku, and Halmahera) and outflow straits (Lombok, Ombai, and Timor), numerical model results are used. Analysis of depth-integrated transport through the model straits indicates differences in the vertical structure of the flow between the inflow and outflow straits. Generally speaking, local winds affect flow in a layer above the thermocline, while remote forcing, e.g., ENSO or coastal Kelvin waves, affect flow in a subsurface layer. On the outflow side, transport occurs primarily in two vertical modes. The dominant mode is characterized by a surface intensification that decays to zero around 400 m . The second mode is characterized by flow in the upper 100 m that is of opposite direction to flow from 100 to 400 m . The vertical decomposition of transport through the model's inflow straits varies between the straits. At Makassar, the western-most inflow passage, the dominant mode is similar to the outflow straits, with a surface intensification of southward transport that decays to zero at 800 m . At Halmahera, the eastern-most inflow strait, the dominant mode is two-layer, with surface to 200 m transport in the opposite direction of transport from 200 to 700 m , similar to the second mode at the outflow straits. At Maluku, the center inflow passage, the dominant vertical mode is three-layer. At this strait, there is a layer from about 100 to 800 m within which flow is in the opposite direction to flow in a surface layer above 100 m and in a deeper layer below 800 m . Phase lags on the annual cycle suggest that during April–October, peaking in May, there is a convergence of mass in the upper 100 m of the Indonesian seas. This convergence is balanced by a mass divergence from 100 to 710 m that occurs slightly earlier but is of shorter duration, from February to mid-June. While interannual variations of transport in the straits varies, the difference in inflow and outflow on interannual timescales is correlated to ENSO. There is a divergence (convergence) of mass in the upper 100 m (100– 710 m ) in the Indonesian seas during the El Ninos of 1982/1983, 1986/1987, 1994/1995 and 1997/1998.

Abstract: A closed form solution to the convective instability in a composite system of fluid and porous layers with vertical throughflow is presented. The boundaries are considered to be rigid-permeable and insulating to temperature perturbations. Flow in the porous layer is governed by Darcy–Forchheimer equation and the Beavers–Joseph condition is applied at the interface between the fluid and the porous layer. In contrast to the single-layer system, it is found that destabilization due to throughflow arises, and the ratio of fluid layer thickness to porous layer thickness, ζ, too, plays a crucial role in deciding the stability of the system depending on the Prandtl number.

Abstract: The maximum dense shelf water salinity formed during winter in the Svalbard Bank area of the north-western Barents Sea is reconstructed for the period 1952–2000 by analysing the transformation of summer remnants. The variability of 34.7 - 35.4, waters being at the freezing point, is mainly generated by interannual variations in the near surface salinity. On interannual time scales the latter is strongly linked to the sea ice import. In contrast, no correlation of the salinity of the Atlantic Water (AW) throughflow to the Arctic Ocean with the ice import is found. Salinities of both the dense shelf water site in the north-west Barents Sea and the north-eastward AW throughflow show a long term decrease, which can partly be explained by a less saline inflow of AW from the Norwegian Sea. The unusually low dense water salinities in the north-west Barents Sea during the 1990s appear to have a different origin, consistent with a response to oceanic heat advection and decreasing sea ice extent.

Abstract: A linear theory for the treatment of complex ridges and archipelagos as porous media is presented. The theory assumes a barotropic, wind-driven ocean with uniform depth. A porous ridge is formed by shrinking the meridional dimensions of the islands and straits (or gaps) composing a meridionally aligned island chain to infinitesimal values. The circulation integrals associated with a generalization of the ‘‘island rule’’ for each island then combine to form an ordinary differential equation. The solution determines the magnitude and structure of the zonal flow through the ridge. This solution could supply a boundary condition for numerical or inverse models that cannot resolve the topographic details of the ridge or archipelago. The physics of the throughflow is explored using a series of examples. It is shown that a concentrated zonal flow approaching the ridge from the east tends to spread meridionally before it passes through the ridge. If the spreading distance, which depends on the characteristics of the ridge, is small in comparison with the meridional scale of the zonal flow, the flow is unimpeded by the ridge. Otherwise the ridge may block or divert the flow. Paradoxically, ridges with high porosity are just as effective at blocking as are ridges with low porosity. The theoretical results are verified to a large extent by a barotropic numerical model.

Abstract: A thermostatic valve for a coolant circuit of an internal combustion engine, with a housing through which the flow is capable of passing and which has a first throughflow orifice for connection to a first coolant line, a second throughflow orifice for connection to a second coolant line, and a third throughflow orifice for connection to a third coolant line, and with a closure member which is mounted in the housing and which can be adjusted by an actuating unit, the closure member having a first shut-off element for shutting off the first throughflow orifice and a second shut-off element, coupled to the first shut-off element, for shutting off the second throughflow orifice. The second shut-off element is assigned an adjusting device, via which the second shut-off element can be adjusted relative to the first shut-off element in such a way that the closure member can be brought, on one hand, into a passage position in which it can close exactly one throughflow orifice, and, on another hand, into a shut-off position, in which it can close two throughflow orifices.

Abstract: The effect of throughflow on a layer of a rotating fluid heated from below in porous medium in the presence of vertical magnetic field is considered. For the case of stationary convection, the rotation has always a stabilizing effect. The medium permeability has always a destabilizing effect whereas the magnetic field and the throughflow have always a stabilizing effects in the absence of rotation. But in the presence of rotation, the medium permeability is found to have a destabilizing effect whereas the magnetic field and the throughflow have a stabilizing effects under certain conditions. Graphs have been plotted by giving numerical values to the parameters, to depict the stability characteristics. The magnetic field and rotation introduce oscillatory modes in the system, which were nonexistent in their absence. The sufficient conditions for non-existence of the overstability are also obtained.

Abstract: Subsurface channel flow (throughflow) in an ephemeral sand and mud channel in central Australia generated an outburst through the surface mud layer depositing a small in-channel sand splay. The 4-m-long deposit of fine and medium sand with mud intraclasts thinned downstream and infilled desiccation cracks. Throughflow sand splays have not been previously reported and represent another micro-architectural element in the stratigraphy of ephemeral channels.

Abstract: The method is for producing heat exchanger (1) acting as solar collector with a layered structure and involves at least two superimposed plates (2,3) and at least one throughflow channel (5). At least one main surface (4) of a first plate is at least partly provided with a solder layer. At least one recess (5) is formed in at least one of the first and second plates. The superimposed plates are subejcted to heat treatment and are placed in a vacuum oven for connection to each other by vacuum soldering. The throughflow channel is formed as a cavity in relation to the main surface of at least one of the first and second plates. It is produced by a milling process.

Abstract: The device for the exchange of heat for especially air conditioning systems in motor vehicles, has at least one supply (1) and drain (2) pipe running into a distribution chamber or a collecting chamber for a fluid, and at least one throughflow units (7,7') with a first and second flow connecting section for the inflow and outflow of fluid. At least one of the flow connecting sections is twisted at least once. The first or the second flow connecting section is flow-connected to the collecting chamber, and the second or the first is connected to the distribution chamber. An Independent claim is included for a procedure for the manufacture of a throughflow unit.

Abstract: The system has a rotary motion generator (1) with a cylindrical rotor housing (2) passing a water flow, a water-driven rotor (11) on a rotor shaft (7) driving especially an electricity generator. The cylindrical housing has a dividing wall (6) dividing it into a throughflow chamber region (8) and a return rotation chamber region (9). Rotor vanes (10a-10d) can be pivoted for passage through the two regions.

Abstract: The reverse flow blocker includes a shut-off component (3) interacting with a sealing seat (2), and is in the form of a two-way valve, the shut-off component of which during a movement between two end positions frees different sized throughflow passages. The shut-off component in the first end position closes off the throughflow passage, in an intermediate position allows a maximum value for the throughflow and throughflow volume, and in a second end position maintains a minimum value for the throughflow passage and throughflow volume.

Abstract: The hydrostatic drive system has a load that can be operated in two directions of motion, especially a hydraulic motor, and a valve device (11) that can be acted upon in the direction of a throughflow position (12b) connecting a first side of the load (MA) to a second side of the load (MB) depending on the pressures on the first and second sides of the load.

Abstract: The throughflow steam generator (1) has an evaporator throughflow heating surface (8) in a hot gas channel (6) through which gas can flow approximately horizontally with a number of steam generator tubes (12) in parallel and a superheating surface (20) following the evaporator throughflow heating surface with a number of superheating tubes (22) in parallel. The evaporation end point of the flowing medium is predominantly in the superheating tubes. An independent claim is also included for the following: (a) a horizontal throughflow steam generator.

Abstract: The device (1) has an evaporator throughflow heating surface (8) in a gas flue (6) through which gas can flow approximately vertically with a number of steam generator tubes (12) in parallel and a heating surface segment (20) that can carry an opposite flow and has an outlet positioned so that the saturated steam temperature in the evaporator throughflow heating surface deviates by less than a maximum deviation from the hot gas temperature at the outlet position in the operating case. An independent claim is also included for the following: (a) a method of operating an inventive throughflow steam generator.

Abstract: The throughflow steam generator (1) has an evaporator throughflow heating surface (8) in a hot gas channel (6) through which gas can flow approximately horizontally with a number of steam generator tubes (12) in parallel and a heating surface segment (26) that can carry an opposite flow of the flowing medium and has an outlet (16) positioned so that the saturated steam temperature at the outlet of the evaporator throughflow heating surface deviates by less than a maximum value from the hot gas temperature at the heating surface segment outlet position in the operating case. An independent claim is also included for the following: (a) a method of operating an inventive throughflow steam generator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a butterfly valve connection piece for an internal combustion engine, comprising a housing (1) and a throughflow opening (2) of said housing (1), in which a butterfly valve (7) is pivotably arranged around a pivotable axis extending in a perpendicular manner with respect to the longitudinal axis (9) of the throughflow opening (2), the butterfly valve is used to close the throughflow opening (2). When in a closed position, the butterfly valve (7) is inclined at a defined setting angle (10) in relation to the longitudinal axis (9) of the throughflow opening (2). The radial peripheral edge (8) thereof rests against the inner wall of the throughflow opening (2) and the throughflow opening (2) has a cylindrical shape at least in the region where the butterfly valve (7) comes to rest. The cylindrical region of rest in relation to the longitudinal axis (9) of the throughflow opening (2) forms a circular cylinder (17) which is cut on both sides at a certain angle, whereby the levels of the cut are inclined at a similar angle (10) in relation to the longitudinal axis (9) of the throughflow opening (2) and the butterfly valve (7) when arranged in a closed position.

Abstract: The Brinkman extended Darcy model including Lapwood and Forchheimer inertia terms with fluid viscosity being different from effective viscosity is employed to investigate the effect of vertical throughflow on thermal convective instabilities in a porous layer. Three different types of boundary conditions (free–free, rigid–rigid and rigid–free) are considered which are either conducting or insulating to temperature perturbations. The Galerkin method is used to calculate the critical Rayleigh numbers for conducting boundaries, while closed form solutions are achieved for insulating boundaries. The relative importance of inertial resistance on convective instabilities is investigated in detail. In the case of rigid–free boundaries, it is found that throughflow is destabilizing depending on the choice of physical parameters and the model used. Further, it is noted that an increase in viscosity ratio delays the onset of convection. Standard results are also obtained as particular cases from the general model presented here.