Abstract: Linear, weakly nonlinear, and strongly nonlinear pattern forming properties of binary fluid convection and of systems with throughflow are elucidated with a broad spectrum of numerical and analytical methods and reviewed in comparison with experimental and other theoretical work. Growth dynamics, spatiotemporal behavior, stability, scaling properties, and bifurcation behavior of spatially extended stationary, traveling wave, and standing wave convective roll structures are presented. Also pulselike spatially localized traveling wave convection is investigated. The Dufour effect in gas mixtures is reviewed. 3D square and crossroll patterns and oscillations between them which occur in liquid mixtures are analyzed. In the second part the influence of an externally imposed shear flow on structure formation is investigated. The unique selection of a self sustained forwards bifurcating pattern in the absolutely unstable parameter regime is shown to be a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Noise sustained pattern growth in the convectively unstable regime is analyzed as a result of bulk thermal fluctuations and of perturbations that are swept by the throughflow into the system via the inlet. Finally, the influence of a lateral flow on linear and nonlinear properties of binary mixture convection is studied with special emphasis on the symmetry breaking of Hopf degenerate traveling waves and their sub critical bifurcation topology.

Abstract: The POM (Princeton Ocean Model), a three-dimensional, primitive equation ocean circulation model, is applied to Prince William Sound, Alaska. A 3-D concentration equation for passive tracers is added to POM to explore transport pathways and rates, plus retention zones and residence times. The 3-D structures of the current, density, and passive tracer concentration are examined for realistic bottom topography, idealized Alaskan coastal water inflow/outflow, and idealized wind-forcing. Based on observational evidence and ecological concerns, the ‘lake/river hypothesis’ (i.e. the effect of weak versus strong throughflow on the ecology of the Sound) is explored to determine its influence on the circulation and transport patterns of passive tracers. Strong inflow through Hinchinbrook Entrance (river-like case) is crucial to the vigorous cyclonic circulation in the Sound and strong coupling to offshore influences, while with a weak inflow (lake-like case), the circulation in the Sound is much weaker and weakly coupled to offshore influences. The strength of the inflow and the wind direction are particularly important for determining the nature of the secondary branches of the throughflow in the northwestern Sound and the position, strength, and number of cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres. Mesoscale eddies are induced in the deep basins that have not yet been studied observationally. The advection of buoyant (relatively fresh) coastal water into the Sound significantly influences the circulation pattern and upper-layer density stratification. Idealized winter and summer wind-forcing generate distinctive surface circulation patterns that are important to the transport pathways, residence times, and retention zones of passive tracers; for example, northward and westward winds increase the northernmost penetration of passive tracers entering the Sound from offshore and the residence time substantially.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for regulating the output moisture content of tobacco conditioned by a loosening/conditioning and optionally casing (saucing) drum comprising injecting a throughflow of water into the infeed region of the drum by a first nozzle regulated depending on the target value for the tobacco output moisture content and the actual values for the tobacco mass flow, the steam throughflow and the tobacco input moisture content; and injecting a throughflow of water in the outlet region of the drum through a second nozzle, the target value of which is computed depending on the target value and actual value for the tobacco output moisture content.

Abstract: This article focuses on convective instabilities of throughflow in packed beds with internal heat sources. When a packed bed is heated with internal heat sources, the effects of throughflow on the onset conditions of convection have been examined numerically under the linear stability theory. The resulting conditions show that stationary instabilities occur at higher values of Darcy-Rayleigh number than the critical values as the amount of throughflow increases. The effects of free and rigid boundaries on the onset condition are also obtained for the Brinkman porous media with throughflow.

Abstract: A throughflow analysis is performed for a single-stage axial flow turbine to demonstrate the predicted differences between the two-dimensional streamline curvature analysis and the mean line analysis. It is found that the streamline curvature analysis results in far better agreement with the experiment, which shows the importance of considering the spanwise variation of loss and flow. It is also revealed that the present streamline curvature analysis leads to better correspondence with the experiment than other authors’ analyses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for regulating the output moisture content of tobacco conditioned by a loosening/conditioning and optionally casing (saucing) drum comprising injecting a throughflow of water into the infeed region of the drum by a first nozzle regulated depending on the target value for the tobacco output moisture content and the actual values for the tobacco mass flow, the steam throughflow and the tobacco input moisture content; and injecting a throughflow of water in the outlet region of the drum through a second nozzle, the target value of which is computed depending on the target value and actual value for the tobacco output moisture content.

Abstract: The three-dimensional time-dependent flow, which develops in a rotating finite annular cavity with an imposed radial throughflow, is studied using a pseudospectral numerical method. The topic of this paper is to present, for the first time by direct numerical simulation, a fully three-dimensional investigation of the temporal and spatial regimes occurring in the Ekman boundary layer flow. The basic flow corresponds to the Ekman layer solution and is axisymmetric. At high enough values of the mass flow rate, the flow becomes oscillatory and spatial structures appear in the boundary layers under the form of circular or spiral rolls with characteristic parameters of type II instability. The radial component of the wave number in spiral patterns remains the same as in circular patterns but in these structures also arises an azimuthal component in a similar way to the zig-zag instability that is observed in weakly confined natural convection.

Abstract: A curved, especially horseshoe shaped, heating device (30), particularly for heating water, forms part of a throughflow heater. A likewise curved throughflow pipe (20) for water is at least encased by a cover (40) of good heat conductive material, which is connected to the throughflow pipe by a flat solder union. The throughflow pipe is in heat conductive contact with the heating device (30) via the cover. The cover is formed by a plate strip which has the curved shape of the throughflow pipe and has flaps (42,44) which extend radially in relation to the curved throughflow pipe which it at least partly encloses. At least a part of the flaps narrows conically outwards.

Abstract: Numerical analysis of the three-dimensional turbulent flow in an unshrouded impeller of a high-speed centrifugal compressor has been conducted using the multi-purpose CFD code STAR-CD. The work presented in this paper concentrates mainly on assessing the effects of the modelling of the actual spinner geometry on the quality of the predictions as compared to the often used practice of simplifying the inlet geometry. Furthermore, the contribution of detailed modelling of the flow in the tip clearance is studied using a two-layer k-c turbulence model. As well as a qualitative analysis of the throughflow and tip leakage, a systematic quantitative comparison between the predicted and measured mean velocities and flow angles is presented.

Abstract: The “separation formula”, a new method for computing the adiabatic inter-hemispheric meridional transport, is applied to the Pacific Ocean. The method involves an integration of the wind stress along a “horseshoe” path. It begins at the separation point of the East Australian Current, continues eastward across the ocean, progresses northward along the continental boundary, and then turns back westward across the ocean to the separation point of the Kuroshio. Since the Pacific is closed on the northern side, such an integration gives the wind-driven Indonesian throughflow. The analytical formulas show that, in order for the adiabatic wind-driven throughflow to exist, it is necessary that there be an asymmetry in the winds associated with the two zonal cross-sections connecting the (northern and southern) separation points in the west to the continents in the east. It turns out that these asymmetries in the Pacific are relatively small and, consequently, do not allow for a significant (i.e. more than one Sverdrup) Indonesian transport. Specifically, in the Pacific, this wind-driven transport is directed to the south, implying a very small net Indian-to-Pacific transport rather than a Pacific-to-Indian transport. The adiabatic model fails, therefore, to explain the observed Pacific-to-Indian throughflow of 5–6 Sv. When an upwelling is added to the model (to simulate diabatic processes), then one obtains the result that all the water upwelled in the Pacific must exit the Pacific via the Indonesian seas, i.e. the wind field is effectively blocking the oceanic region between Australia and South America, forcing the upwelled water into the Indian Ocean. This model suggests, therefore, that the observed Pacific-to-Indian throughflow is a measure of the upwelling in the Pacific.

Abstract: The axial flow turbomachinery throughtlow equation states that radial gradients of rothalpy, entropy and moment of momentum affect the conservation of tangential vorticity. The streamline throughflow method (STEM) transforms this equation, expressed in terms of stream function in a radial-axial co-ordinate system, to an equation for streamline radial position in a stream function-axial co-ordinate system. The paper assesses the accuracy and efficiency of the STFM relative to the streamline curvature method (SCM) by comparing streamline positions and velocity profiles to analytical results. Test cases include flow through a single actuator disc, flow through twin actuator discs using a coarse computational grid, compressible flows through an almost choked nozzle, through single and twin actuator discs, and swirling flow using sloped stations. Results from the STFM and SCM agreed about equally well with analytical solutions for the same number of streamlines. The STEM, however, was much more tolerant of distorted computational grids and used an order of magnitude less computer time to converge. The test cases show that the STFM is suitable for annuli with large variations in hub and tip radius, for highly swirling and compressible flow, and is more robust and converges faster than the SCM. To demonstrate the practical applicability of the STEM a multistage compressor was simulated and STEM results compared with experiment

Abstract: The block has a housing (3) containing a spiral water flow channel (17) between the water inlet and outlet with several water-direction changing-points for feeding the water through the block. The water is heated by heating elements mounted in the water flow channel. The channel can be of rectangular spiral form. The housing consists of at least two housing shells (5,7) which are in mutual contact via corresponding contact surfaces (11) so as to form a sealed joint and to enclose the water flow channel.

Abstract: At least one air guiding passage (7) is provided in the throughflow direction behind the heat exchanger unit (4) in the area of the passive heat transfer surfaces. The air passage has a constriction like a nozzle, and air openings (9) are located adjacent to the constriction (8). The air guiding passages or air openings are integrated into the fan cowl (6). An air guiding passage may be located on both sides of the active heat transfer surfaces and extend downwards along the back of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: In the ambient air conduit is a suction jet pump for amplification of the pressure below that atmosphere in a supply conduit to user units. The throughflow cross-section (62) of the at least one suction jet pump (52) can be enlarged for quicker build-up of pressure below that atmospheric. The throughflow cross-section (64) is controlled dependent upon the below atmospheric pressure in the corresponding conduit and/or on a time-dependent basis. At least two suction jet pumps (50,52) are arranged in parallel, one of which has a larger throughflow cross-section than the other and on reaching a defined control criterion can be cut off using an electro-magnetic cut-off valve (44) operated by a pressure switch (46).

Abstract: The device comprises a pipe heating body arranged parallel to a low conductivity internally solder plated throughflow pipe (5). A covering (7) at least partly encloses the pipe. It is connected to the covering in a heat-conducting manner. The covering comprises a strip wound spirally on the pipe. A slight clearance (13) is maintained between two successive winds of the strip wound on the pipe. This clearance amounts to approximately 0.5-1.5 mm. The throughflow pipe is made of refined steel and the strip is of aluminium. The throughflow pipe and the strip are soldered together on a full surface basis.

Abstract: The hydraulic torque converter has a control wheel (6) between the pump and turbine sections fitted with shaped vanes to connect the inner and outer rings forming the wheel. The throughflow area between the vanes is greater towards the outside of the wheel than towards the inside, with a different rate of change in the two areas. The two rates of change converge at a circular point one sixth to one half the spacing between the outer and inner rings. The flow control ring regulates the return flow of fluid to the pump. The vane thickness is optimised for the radial variation to provide the maximum throughflow without weakening the mechanical support.

Abstract: The apparatus-side connections (36,38,40) are fixed to shell-type form parts (26,28,30,32), preferably a deep-drawn plate part which is fixed on the installation plate (10) in a position covering over the corresponding through passage aperture. The water-conducting conduits are formed as forward and back flow conduits of a heating network and also as a cold water and user hot water conduit. Valves are provided for opening and closing water throughflow passages. The form parts coaxial to the through passage aperture covered by them have a connection for the upper part (48) of a valve (50) monitoring the throughflow aperture.

Abstract: According to a method of measuring the speed or throughflow of flowing or moving media, the medium movement is determined according to statistical chronological variations in the medium properties, and a corresponding sensor signal is differentiated. This method is to be improved such that throughflows or speeds can be measured economically. To that end, the statistically distributed individual signals (d) obtained after differentiation and corresponding to the edge steepness in the sensor signal (s) are determined according to their amount and subjected to a mean-value generation process which is independent of their sign.

Abstract: In the sieve periphery (12) is an outer edge (14), which prevents waste water running inwards under it. Its slots (13) are radially positioned and are also at right-angles to the direction of throughflow of the waste water. The long sides of the slots are angled to produce an increased water throughflow. In this way, the sieve separates hair and other solid particles on its upper side, whilst waste water runs downwards into the floor well.

Abstract: : The long term goal of this project is to identify the importance of the Indonesian throughflow to the global heat and freshwater balance. While the emphasis has been on climate related issues, the work is also intended to understand the dynamics of the exchange between the Pacific and Indian Oceans through the complex series of basins and straits that comprises the Indonesian archipelago.

Abstract: : The goal of this project is to obtain a more thorough understanding of the dynamics of the Indonesian Throughflow We plan to establish new flow rate laws for currents forced through an arrangement of islands I am conducting analytical and numerical investigations of the Indonesian Throughflow and plan to make comparisons of the results with data presently being collected as part of Arlindo II Arlindo II is a cooperative project of the United States and Indonesia The abbreviation Arlindo originates in Malay and stands for avarus (sea), lintas (flow), and Indonesian We are completing an examination of the amount of water that can be forced through a single gap, and the distribution of such flows through a porous wall containing a number of gaps We plan to apply our calculations to warm (and fresh) Pacific waters exiting from the Indonesian Seas through the Lombok Strait, the Alor Strait, and the Timor Passage Research has resulted in the preparation and publication of several papers, listed at the end of this report in the order in which they were completed Most have not been supported solely by ONR but also by NSF and NASA The papers that are most closely related to the Throughflow study are #3, #4 and #7 The most important aspect of these articles is the finding that all of the Indonesian Throughflow must be upwelled into the thermocline somewhere along the equatorial Pacific

Abstract: A reduced gravity, primitive equation, ocean general circulation model (GCM) with a variable depth mixed layer and a natural boundary condition for freshwater fluxes is employed to investigate the role of salinity in tropical ocean dynamics and thermodynamics. Surface heat fluxes are computed without any feedback to observations by an advective atmospheric mixed layer (AML) model which is coupled to the ocean GCM. We analyze the differences in the tropical Atlantic, Pacific, and the Indo-Pacific basins between control runs (simulations with complete hydrology) and simulations where (1) precipitation (P) is neglected, (2) salinity effects are neglected, or (3) salinity is held constant in each layer. Salinity contributes to pressure gradient forces, mixed layer processes, and vertical stability/mixing. Setting P = 0 in the tropical Atlantic produces larger sea surface temperature (SST) changes than previously estimated due to the realistic oceanic mixed layer model and surface flux formulation. Neglecting salinity effects leads to a different choice of mixing parameters, which feeds back into model dynamics and thermodynamics. Salinity anomalies produce an asymmetric response across the equator in the Atlantic due to differences in the air-sea interactions. Including salinity effects in the tropical Pacific leads to an improved cold tongue simulation. The result is a reduced SST gradient at the equator which will have significant feedback in a coupled system. The same experiment with a restoring surface heat flux leads to an increased SST gradient, indicating that the surface flux parameterization is crucial for interpreting the role of salinity. The Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is reduced when salinity is neglected or held constant. The NINO3 and NINO4 SST indices are almost identical for the control run and the simulations when climatological P is used. However, associated subsurface temperature differences are larger, and they may play a role on decadal timescales. It is thus shown with a comprehensive set of experiments that even in the tropics, salinity plays an important role in the model dynamics and thermodynamics.

Abstract: The role of the Indonesian Throughflow in the global climate system is investigated with a coupled ocean–atmosphere model by contrasting simulations with realistic throughflow and closed Indonesian passages. The Indonesian Throughflow affects the oceanic circulation and thermocline depth around Australia and in the Indian Ocean as described in previous studies and explained by Sverdrup transports. An open throughflow thereby increases surface temperatures in the eastern Indian ocean, reduces temperatures in the equatorial Pacific, and shifts the warm pool and centers of deep convection in the atmosphere to the west. This control on sea surface temperature and deep convection affects atmospheric pressure in the entire Tropics and, via atmospheric teleconnections, in the midlatitudes. As a result, surface wind stress in the entire Tropics changes and meridional and zonal gradients of the tropical thermocline and associated currents increase in the Pacific and decrease in the Indian Ocean. The respo...

Abstract: The near-surface dynamics and thermodynamics of the Indian Ocean are examined in a global ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with enhanced tropical resolution. The model uses a Seager-type heat flux formulation (weak relaxation toward a fixed SST, flux-corrected toward seasonal observed values). Resulting seasonal patterns of surface heat flux, mixed layer depth, and surface steric height all compare quite well with observations in the Indian Ocean, away from western boundaries. Distribution of flow in the mean Indonesian Throughflow is quite well simulated in the top 700 m. The model Indonesian throughflow transports, on average, 16.3 × 106 m3 s−1 from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean, and its magnitude is fairly well predicted seasonally by the instantaneous Sverdrup version of the “Island Rule.” Model geostrophic transports relative to 700 m are substantially smaller, with a different seasonal cycle. Observed geostrophic transports are smaller than those in the model, though the model repro...