Abstract: Two techniques for the determination of soil pipe networks on hillslopes which avoid the logistic difficulties associated with the unpredictable and ephemeral nature of pipe flow are described. Passive detectors of activated charcoal in conjunction with fluorescent dyes, proved to be most useful for the general definition of networks over moderate areas, whereas artificial injections of water permitted much more detailed information to be obtained. The networks comprised anastomosing bands with definite tributary and distributary zones. The gross network form was stable over a five year period, but the function of individual links could change even during a storm event. Velocities of pipe flow were comparable with those of overland flow in the area, and very much faster than observed rates of throughflow. A complex interrelation between these three flow processes was observed during the experiments.

Abstract: The paper describes a throughflow computational method that combines wet steam theory with an axisymmetric streamline curvature technique in order to predict nonequilibrium effects in low-pressure steam turbines. The computer program developed is able to deal with both subsonic and fully choked supersonic flows, and steam properties are represented by a truncated virial equation of state. A number of theoretical test cases have been investigated, including the nonequilibrium flow in the primary nucleating stage of a low-pressure turbine and the complete analysis of a six-stage, 320-MW operational turbine. The calculations are the first of their kind in being able to provide information on the spanwise variation of the Wilson point, the average droplet size nucleated, the degree of supercooling throughout the flowfield, the thermodynamic wetness loss, and the nonequilibrium choking mass flow rate in addition to the aerodynamic parameters which are of interest to the designer.

Abstract: Gypsum (plaster of paris) has been cast into spheres and placed in soils; weight loss has been used to identify relative water flow routes. Theoretical considerations and laboratory experimentation show that solutional weight loss of the material used increases with increasing water flow, but is independent of pH above pH 4. Results for gypsum sphere weight loss are presented for soils where moisture conditions have been measured independently using tensiometers. The data suggest that the weight loss method provides a viable time-integrated demonstration of relative water flow routes.

Abstract: The arrangement consists of a closed circulation duct (2) above a hot water preparation unit (1), and with tapping points (3) and a circulating pump (4) arranged along it. The circulating pump (4) can be switched on and off by a time relay (10) operable by a switch (9). There are provided furthermore a cold water supply (7) to the hot water preparation unit (1), and also a water throughflow sensor or water hammer sensor (8) which actuates the switch (9) to switch on the circulating pump (4) when flow of water starts. The water throughflow sensor or water hammer sensor (8) is arranged in the hot water feed common to all the tapping points (3) between the tapping points (3) on the one hand, and the hot water delivery (5) of the hot water preparation unit (1) on the other hand.

Abstract: The exchanger has a cellular structure (3,4) with open cells on opposite sides which form throughflow channels for a gas medium. The cell structures are tightly connected to cooling flanges (2) so that gas exchange and subsequent pressure compensation transverse to the gas throughflow direction are prevented.

Abstract: Apparatus of separating from each other the components of a mixture of water, oil and soil, such as sludge, which mixture is passed via a distribution and pacification chamber (7), which is connected to the supply pipe (2) and which has a large volume slowing down the speed of flow, into a separation chamber (3, 4, 5) where the flow of the mixture is first guided upwards in a laminar flow through a first bundle of plates (16) having vertical flow passages, the flow being reversed, while retaining laminar flow, directly after leaving the said first bundle of plates (16) and guided downwards through a second bundle of plates (17) having vertical flow passages which lead into a discharge chamber (33) having a throughflow cross-section increasing towards the discharge opening (34), where the separated components, water and soil, are discharged, while oil can be discharged in the reversing chamber (26) between the first (16) and second (17) bundle of plates.

Abstract: A throughflow regulating valve, which ensures a constant throughflow, independently of the pressure of the fed liquid, is arranged immediately downstream of the outlet/blocking valve.

Abstract: In the field of water-supply engineering, it is possible to use a throughflow developing chamber for taking specific samples of water and for carrying out delimited checks on operation and output in vertical and horizontal filtering wells and in pipelines which are in operation. In this arrangement, a specific section of a filtering path or a pipeline is delimited by an annular seal, while continuing operation of the well or of the pipeline is ensured via a throughflow pipe. Via filtering pipes which are arranged in the outer region of the chamber, specific water samples can be taken and, in addition, specific checks for a wide range of objectives can be carried out on pipelines. By incorporating vertical sheet-metal partitions, the throughflow developing chamber can be subdivided into further inspection areas. See drawing no. 1 in this respect. The reference numbers from 1 to 9 refer to the following design features: 1 - flat rubber seals (collars) 2 - operational length 3 - throughflow pipe 4 - securing means for vertical sheet-metal partitions 5 - filtering pipes 6 - closed circular pipeline 7 - shut-off members 8 - sheet-metal partitions with rubber seal 9 - pipe-thread developing stub

Abstract: 1. A method of controlling a pipe isolator in dependence upon a pressure difference predetermined at a comparison station, the pressure difference resulting from a comparison between the pressures on the inflow side and outfow side, in an apparatus for preventing reflux from a discharge line, a constant safety value being added to the pressure in the discharge line, the isolator permitting throughflow upon the predetermined pressure difference being reached, the throughflow being interrupted again upon the pressure difference being undershot, the pressure difference decreasing again only as a result of termination of the throughflow, characterized in that the pressure is reduced on the discharge side for the duration of the throughflow and is built up again upon the termination thereof and the resulting pressure is compared with the pressure on the inflow side.

Abstract: The wet steam flow in a one-third scale model low-pressure turbine has been investigated theoretically using a non-equilibrium throughflow calculation technique. The method is based on the combination of a well-known streamline curvature analysis with wet steam theory. The study centres on the influence of droplet size on the associated supersaturation phenomena in the flowfield, namely, the effect on the massflowrate, the distribution of the degree of supercooling and the magnitude of the thermodynamic wetness loss.

Abstract: A cylinder (1) forms, together with two pipe sections (7, 8) which are connected to its ends (3, 4) and to connecting sleeves (9, 10) of a throughflow meter (11) to be tested, a closed, liquid-filled network of pipes. A set of rods (12, 13) which penetrate the cylinder (1) and seals it on both sides is connected to a piston (2) inside the cylinder (1). A drive (14) which is combined with a measuring device (18) moves the piston (2) and conveys liquid through the test piece (11). A rotating threaded spindle (15) which penetrates the set of rods (12) in a nut (17) is used for this purpose. A pulse generator (18), the signals of which are proportional to the throughflow rate and are used for comparison with the readings relating to the test piece (11), serves as a measuring device.

Abstract: For the reduction and throttling of quantities of liquids, especially in outflow fittings, showers, sprays, etc, by means of an elastic component which can be inserted into any pipe cross-section and can be actuated in dependence on pressure and which forms, with a number of slits, part regions which open and close in dependence on pressure. As a result of the closing of the slits, the throughflow cross-section is narrowed and less liquid can flow through.

Abstract: In the method according to the invention for cleaning floors, materials or the like, the working air flow produced by a suction fan is applied to a partial region of the nozzle, which forms a throughflow region for the working air flow sucking up the dirt particles. In this case, the throughflow region varies its position over the entire nozzle width. The device for carrying out the method has a vacuum cleaner with a suction nozzle which has a suction opening facing the floor and taking up approximately the entire width of the nozzle. Said suction opening is used for cleaning only in a small region - the throughflow region - per unit of time. In this case, the throughflow region is continuously displaced along the suction opening so that during cleaning there is a cleaning effect of the nozzle over its entire width despite the small throughflow region.

Abstract: Device for limiting the waste water flowing through a collector. Assigned to the collector are a flow control apparatus for controlling the throughflow of the waste water and, downstream of the flow control apparatus, a sensing device, with a diaphragmatic or membrane bellows pressure sensor, for sensing a static pressure of the waste water flowing through the collector. The sensed static pressure is limited by means of the flow control apparatus and a limiting regulator which controls the latter.

Abstract: A service water heater and storage tank is described, with a metal storage container for water to be heated and a metal throughflow pipe for a heat transfer medium. The throughflow pipe is arranged on the external surface of the container in a large number of sections lying next to one another. The service water heater and storage tank has the particular advantage that the calcification of the heat exchange surface is prevented by means of heating from outside.

Abstract: A throughflow measuring device for a tank truck is redesigned in such a way that it becomes considerably more compact and more favourable in terms of flow and has less residual liquid after an emptying operation.