TL;DR: A sister‐group relationship is proposed between Aristolochia lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America could be monophyletic and sister to Aristol Cochia subsect.
Abstract: A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular data sets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL‐trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea, 30 species of Aristolochia, and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister‐group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha, which consequently should be included in Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different data sets about the relationships within subgenus Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subge...
TL;DR: Based on the results of these analyses, Asaroideae, which have been circumscribed by some authors to consist of Saruma, Asarum, and Thottea, are paraphyletic, and should be emended to exclude ThotteA.
Abstract: A phylogenetic analysis was conducted to examine the monophyly and relationships of the four broadly defined genera of Aristolochiaceae. Seventy-two morphological characters were coded from representatives of these genera and from a broad selection of potential outgroups. The data support monophyly of the Aristolochiaceae and monophyly of the broadly defined genera Aristolochia, Thottea, and Asarum. The genera are grouped into two clades within the family, Thottea + Aristolochia and Asarum + Saruma. Based on the results of these analyses, Asaroideae, which have been circumscribed by some authors to consist of Saruma, Asarum, and Thottea, are paraphyletic, and should be emended to exclude Thottea.
TL;DR: The results support the interpretation of the perianth of Aristolochia , Euglypha and Holostylis as a trimerous calyx as well as other interpretations in terms of position, morphology, development, and comparison to related taxa.
TL;DR: Within Aristolochiaceae, a secretory tapetum and orbicules are ubiquitous, but both simultaneous and successive types of microsporogenesis occur, and simultaneous cytokinesis is apparently plesiomorphic within the order Piperales.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the climbing habit of the perianth-bearing Piperales is a derived growth form, which evolved with the diversification of Aristolochia, and might have been a key feature for its diversification.