Third phase

Abstract: N,N,N ′,N ′-Tetraoctyl-3-oxapentanediamide (TODGA) in n-dodecane solvent was studied to clarify the characteristics of third phase formation in extraction of lanthanides(III) and to modify the solvent. The loading capacity of the solvent was found to be dependent not only on the aqueous acidity and the temperature but also on molecular size of alkane solvent and kinds of aqueous anions. The loading capacity of 0.1 M TODGA-n-dodecane was 0.008 M Nd(III) with an aqueous phase of 3 M HNO3. Addition of N,N,-dihexyloctanamide (DHOA) of more than 0.5 M to the solvent eliminated the third phase in the extraction of Nd(III). The modified solvent of 0.1 M or 0.2 M TODGA with 1 M DHOA exhibited a satisfactorily high metal loading and slightly lower extractability for Nd(III) and moderately higher extraction of HNO3 than neat TODGA.

Abstract: An experimental investigation is carried out to establish the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using carbon nanotubes (CNT) blended water–diesel emulsion fuels. The investigation is carried out in three phases using an experimental set-up consisting of a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with an electrical loading device, an AVL Di-gas analyser, an AVL smoke meter, and a data-acquisition system comprising a Kistler piezoelectric pressure transducer and a crank angle encoder: using neat diesel in the first phase, water–diesel emulsion fuel in the second phase, and CNT blended water–diesel emulsion fuels in the third phase. The water–diesel emulsion fuel is prepared in the proportion of 5 per cent water, 93 per cent diesel, and 2 per cent surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80) by volume with a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 8. The CNT are blended with the water–diesel emulsion fuel in the mass fractions of 25 and 50 ppm with the aid of a mechanical homogenizer and ...

Abstract: Over the last decade there has been much interest in the applications of diglycolamide (DGA) ligands for the extraction of the trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions from PUREX high active raffinat...

Abstract: In this work, the system U(VI), HNO3–tri‐n‐butylphosphate (TBP), n‐dodecane has been revisited with the objective of gaining information on the coordination chemistry and structural evolution of the species formed in the organic phase before and after third phase formation. Chemical analyses, spectroscopic and EXAFS data indicate that U(VI) is extracted as the UO2(NO3)2·2TBP adduct, while the third phase species have the average composition UO2(NO3)2·2TBP·HNO3. Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements on TBP solutions loaded with only HNO3 or with increasing amounts of U(VI) have revealed the presence, before phase splitting, of ellipsoidal aggregates with the major and minor axes up to about 64 and 15 A, respectively. The formation of these aggregates, very likely of the reverse micelle‐type, is observed in all cases, that is, when only HNO3, only UO2(NO3)2, or both HNO3 and UO2(NO3)2 are extracted by the TBP solution. Upon third phase formation, the SANS data reveal the presence of sm...