Telegraphy

Abstract: The most obvious method for determining the distortion of telegraph signals is to calculate the transients of the telegraph system. This method has been treated by various writers, and solutions are available for telegraph lines with simple terminal conditions. It is well known that the extension of the same methods to more complicated terminal conditions, which represent the usual terminal apparatus, leads to great difficulties. The present paper attacks the same problem from the alternative standpoint of the steady-state characteristics of the system. This method has the advantage over the method of transients that the complication of the circuit which results from the use of terminal apparatus does not complicate the calculations materially. This method of treatment necessitates expressing the criteria of distortionless transmission in terms of the steady-state characteristics. Accordingly, a considerable portion of the paper describes and illustrates a method for making this translation. A discussion is given of the minimum frequency range required for transmission at a given speed of signaling. In the case of carrier telegraphy, this discussion includes a comparison of single-sideband and double-sideband transmission. A number of incidental topics is also discussed.

Abstract: Abstract Telecommunication is, and always has been, a political technology, as the timely flow of information is a vital instrument of power. This book examines the political history of telecommunications between 1851, the year the first telegraph cable linked France and Britain, and the end of World War II. Headrick argues that telecommunication gives people options, not orders. During periods of peace, cables and radio were, as many had predicted, instruments of peace; in times of tension, they became instruments of politics, tools for rival interests, and weapons of war. the book illuminates the political aspects of information technology: the speed of telegraphy, which could diffuse conflicts in far-flung empires, but which also hastened the deterioration of diplomacy on the brink of the First World War; the broad coverage of radio, which increased public knowledge and public pressure on governments, and consequently the political interest in controlling news; and the security of telecommunications, which made communications strategy, communications intelligence, and cryptography decisive tools during the two World Wars.

Abstract: Contents Introduction 000 Part I Telegraphy 1 Telegraphy, Culture, and Policymaking 000 2 Telegraphy, Newspapers, and Public Opinion 000 3 Telegraphy, Political Participation, and State Control 000 4 Public Telegrams and Nationalist Mobilizations 000 5 Telegraph Power: Textual and Historical Contexts 000 Part II The Internet 6 China and the Internet: Proactive Development and Control 000 7 Negotiating Power Online: The Party State, Intellectuals, and the Internet 000 8 Living on the Cyber Border: Minjian Online Political Writers in China 000 9 Informed Nationalism: Military Web Sites in Chinese Cyberspace 000 Conclusion 000 Notes 000 Bibliography 000 Index 000

Abstract: Contents 1 Telecommunications and International Relations Characteristics of Electrical Communications Telecommunications and World History International Telecommunications as a Field of Study 2 New Technology Origins of the Telegraph International Telegraphic Cooperation The First Submarine Telegraph Cables The Mediterranean Cables The First Atlantic Cables The Red Sea Cable Telegraphs to India Conclusion 3 The Expansion of the World Cable Network, 1866-1895 The Technology of Cables The Atlantic Cables The Cable Companies Cables to India and Australia Cable Rivalries in the West Indies and Latin America Across Russia to Japan Commercial Codes and the International Telegraph Union Conclusion 4 Telegraphy and Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century The Telegraph in India The Telegraph in Indochina Cables and News in the French West Indies The Telegraph in China The East African Cables The West African Cables Cables and Colonial Control Conclusion 5 Crisis at the Turn of the Century, 1895-1901 Telegraphy and Diplomacy British Cable Strategy to 1898 Telegraphic Delays and French Imperialism Germany and the Azores Affair The Spanish-American War The Fashoda Incident The British Strategic Cable Report of 1898 The Boer War 6 The Great Powers and the Cable Crisis, 1900-1913 The British Pacific Cable and the "All-Red" Routes British Cable Strategy, 1902-1914 The American Cables France and the Cable Crisis Germany and the Cable Crisis Conclusion 7 The Beginnings of Radio, 1895-1914 Marconi and the Birth of Wireless Telegraphy The Marconi Monopoly and the Reaction of the Powers Technological Change and Commercial Rivalries The U.S. Navy and Radio to 1908 The Continuous Ware, 1908-1914 French Colonial Wireless German Long-Distance and Colonial Radio The British Imperial Wireless Chain Conclusion 8 Cables and Radio in World War I The Jitters of July 1914 Allied Attacks on German Communications German Attacks on Allied Communications Allied Communications during the War Censorship Propaganda Conclusion 9 Communications Intelligence in World War I Government Cryptology before 1914 Communications Intelligence on Land British Naval Interception and Direction-Finding German Codes and British Cryptanalysis in 1914 British Naval Intelligence, 1915-1916 The U-Boat War, 1917-1918 German Communications Intelligence The Zimmerman Telegram 10 Conflicts and Settlements, 1919-1923 The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 The Washington Conferences of 1920-1922 The Struggle over Cables to Latin America The Radio Corporation of America British Radio, 1919~1924 German and French Radio to 1924 Radio in Latin America and China Conclusion 11 Technological Upheavals and Commercial Rivalries, 1924-1939 The Distribution of Cables in the World in 1923 Cable Technology in the 1920s The New Cables, 1924-1929 ITT and the Telephones The British Reaction French Colonial Shortwave The International Impact of Shortwave The British Communications Merger Responses to the British Merger The British Dilemma: Profits versus Security Conclusion 12 Communications Intelligence in World War II British and German Communications Intelligence to 1936 Cipher Machines The Approach of War, 1936-1939 The Outbreak of War, 1939-1940 British Communications Intelligence in Wartime German Communications Intelligence in Wartime The Battles of Britain and North Africa German Spies and Allied Radio Deception Funkspiele, Resistance, and the Normandy Landing The Soviet Rings Conclusion 13 The War at Sea The Cable War Communications and Naval Warfare in the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1944 American Communications Intelligence before Pearl Harbor From Pearl Harbor to Midway After Midway 14 The Changing of the Guard The American Expansion Strategic Cables to North Africa and Europe The Retreat of Britain The Organization of Postwar Communications Conclusion 15 Telecommunications, Information, and Security Bibliography Essay Books on Submarine Telegraph Cables Books on Radio and Telecommunications Communications Intelligence Primary Sources Index