Tecomeae

Abstract: Bignoniaceae are woody, trees, shrubs, and lianas found in all tropical fl oras of the world with lesser representation in temperate regions. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast sequences ( rbcL , ndhF , trnL-F ) were undertaken to infer evolutionary relationships in Bignoniaceae and to revise its classifi cation. Eight clades are recognized as tribes (Bignonieae, Catalpeae, Coleeae, Crescentieae, Jacarandeae, Oroxyleae, Tecomeae, Tourrettieae); additional inclusive clades are named informally. Jacarandeae and Catalpeae are resurrected; the former is sister to the rest of the family, and the latter occupies an unresolved position within the “ core ” Bignoniaceae. Tribe Eccremocarpeae is included in Tourrettieae. Past classifi cations recognized a large Tecomeae, but this tribe is paraphyletic with respect to all other tribes. Here Tecomeae are reduced to a clade of approximately 12 genera with a worldwide distribution in both temperate and tropical ecosystems. Two large clades, Bignonieae and Crescentiina, account for over 80% of the species in the family. Coleeae and Crescentieae are each included in larger clades, the Paleotropical alliance and Tabebuia alliance, respectively; each alliance includes a grade of taxa assigned to the traditional Tecomeae. Parsimony inference suggests that the family originated in the neotropics, with at least fi ve dispersal events leading to the Old World representatives.

Abstract: The history of classification of the tribe Bignonieae and its genera are reviewed as context for a comprehensive new genus-level classification of the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae, Lamiales). This new classification is based on a well-supported phylogeny based on multiple molecular markers from both chloroplast and nuclear DNA, a morphological survey, and a broad sampling of taxa. Genera are circumscribed here as clades that are well supported as monophyletic by molecular data and also recognizable by one or more morphological synapomorphies. Perianthomega Bureau ex Baill. is here transferred from Bignoniaceae tribe Tecomeae into Bignonieae, and 21 genera and a total of 393 species are recognized in Bignonieae: Adenocalymma Mart. ex Meisn. (82 species), Amphilophium Kunth (47), Anemopaegma Mart. ex Meisn. (45), Bignonia L. (28), Callichlamys Miq. (1), Cuspidaria DC. (19), Dolichandra Cham. (8), Fridericia Mart. (67), Lundia DC. (13), Manaosella J. C. Gomes (1), Mansoa DC. (12), Martinella Baill. (2), Neojobertia Baill. (2), Pachyptera DC. ex Meisn. (4), Perianthomega (1), Pleonotoma Miers (17), Pyrostegia C. Presl (2), Stizophyllum Miers (3), Tanaecium Sw. (17), Tynanthus Miers (15), and Xylophragma Sprague (7). Several genera are here circumscribed differently from previous classifications, in particular Memora Miers and Sampaiella J. C. Gomes are synonymized with Adenocalymma; Distictella Kuntze, Distictis Mart. ex Meisn., Glaziova Bureau, Pithecoctenium Mart. ex DC., and Urbanolophium Melch. are synonymized with Amphilophium; Cydista Miers, Clytostoma Miers ex Bureau, Macranthisiphon Bureau ex K. Schum., Mussatia Bureau ex Baill., Phryganocydia Mart. ex Bureau, Potamoganos Sandwith, Roentgenia Urb., and Saritaea Dugand are synonymized with Bignonia; Macfadyena A. DC., Melloa Bureau, and Parabignonia Bureau ex K. Schum. are synonymized with Dolichandra; Arrabidaea DC. is synonymized with Fridericia; Gardnerodoxa Sandwith is synonymized with Neojobertia; Leucocalantha Barb. Rodr. is synonymized with Pachyptera; and Ceratophytum Pittier, Periarrabidaea A. Samp., Paragonia Bureau, Pseudocatalpa A. H. Gentry, and Spathicalyx J. C. Gomes are synonymized with Tanaecium. The genera Adenocalymma, Amphilophium, Fridericia, Dolichandra, and Tanaecium are formally emended here as to diagnosis and circumscription. A natural key, complete morphological descriptions, and illustrations characterize the accepted genera, and full generic synonymy and a catalogue of their component species summarize their basic nomenclature and geographic range. Three new names are published: B. neouliginosa L. G. Lohmann replaces Phryganocydia uliginosa Dugand; B. neoheterophylla L. G. Lohmann replaces Cydista heterophylla Seibert; and Tanaecium neobrasiliense L. G. Lohmann replaces Sanhilaria brasiliensis Baill. Thirty-two generic names are newly synonymized, and 144 new nomenclatural combinations are made. A lectotype is designated for one genus, Periarrabidaea A. Samp., and 78 species names. One species name is neotypified, Memora campicola Pilg. (≡ Adenocalymma campicola (Pilg.) L. G. Lohmann).

Abstract: The circumscription of Bignoniaceae genera and tribes has undergone major changes following an increased understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the family. While DNA sequence data have repeatedly reconstructed major clades within the family, some of the clades recovered still lack diagnostic morpho-anatomical features, complicating their recognition. In this study we investigated the wood anatomy of all major lineages of Bignoniaceae (except Tourrettieae) in search for anatomical synapomorphies for clades. We sampled 158 species of Bignoniaceae, representing 67 out of the 82 genera currently recognized. Detailed descriptions of quantitative and qualitative wood anatomical features are presented for each clade and interpreted in the light of a molecular phylogeny for the family. Jacarandae are characterized by a paratracheal winged-aliform parenchyma, with the traditional subdivision of Jacaranda into sections Monolobos and Dilobos supported by the uniseriate and homocellular rays of Monolobos versus the wide and heterocellular rays of Dilobos. Tecomeae s.s. are characterized by scanty paratracheal parenchyma, septate fibers, and heterocellular rays, traits also found in Delostoma, a genus previously included in Tecomeae s.l., but recently shown to represent a separate lineage. Crescentiina includes two sub-clades, the Tabebuia alliance and the Paleotropical clade, which share abundant aliform parenchyma, short and mainly homocellular rays, less commonly with heterocellular rays with body procumbent and one row of marginal square cells. Members of the Tabebuia alliance and the Paleotropical clade can be distinguished from each other by the narrow vessels with a widespread storied structure found in members of the Tabebuia alliance, versus the vessels with medium to wide width and a non-storied structure found in members of the Paleotropical clade. Oroxyleae are characterized by a combination of simple and foraminate perforation plates and homocellular rays, while Catalpeae are characterized by scanty paratracheal parenchyma, abundant tyloses and vessel-ray pits simple to semi-bordered. Bignonieae differ from all other clades by a variant secondary growth and a typically lianoid wood anatomy. Overall, wood anatomical characters are not very labile within the family, being distributed across clades in a very predictive manner. Several anatomical characters represent good anatomical synapomorphies and provide further support to clades identified in molecular phylogenetic studies.