Abstract: Increasing digitization and robotization and the resulting cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are leading to an era in which artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly prominent in our lives....

Abstract: School education should improve science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) ability not only in science and mathematics but also in technology and engineering. However, practice and research are being conducted without clear definitions and methods for STEM education. Moreover, the positioning and characteristics of the technology included in each STEM field are unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to propose an appropriate framework for practice of STEM from the viewpoint of technology education. In response to this need, this commentary proposes a conceptual framework for the appropriate practice of STEM education. First, we referred to the perspectives and thinking styles of the fields of science, technology, and mathematics in the Japanese curriculum to specify the approach of the education system to each subject included in STEM. Next, to determine the concept of engineering in STEM education, we referred to the definition of engineering presented in Japan, the USA, and the UK. We positioned engineering, which means creating structures, processes, systems, etc., as a practical STEM activity and attempted to relate it to the unique perspectives and thinking styles of mathematics, science, and technology. We proposed a conceptual framework for the appropriate practice of STEM education based on the principles of subjects in the Japanese curriculum. The conceptual framework suggests that a means to improve the practice of STEM education is to retain the principles of science, technology, and mathematics in the activity of engineering. It can be inferred that the key point for practicing STEM education is to examine and design the appropriate order and combination of the learning process and activities based on the proposed conceptual framework. Although this framework is theoretical, it can be useful in determining an adequate practice of STEM education and clarifying the relationship between STEM education and technology education.

Abstract: The sophistication of education technology (edu-tech) from the perspective of the blockchain has not been well implemented, because so far the methods used in education are still centralized and tend to be any student data such as class schedules and student profiles can be falsified. So an edu-tech research was made that applied the blockchain to facilitate learning related to the industrial revolution 4.0 and was able to optimize the delivery of information that is currently still one-way. Although there are a number of benefits that have been felt about edu-tech, digital disruptions remain, many challenges related to information security and privacy. The presence of the blockchain in security work integrated with a smartphone will be able to optimize the existing security system, authentication, and information that has been distributed in relation to student profiles, which can be assured of their originality.

Abstract: This paper presents findings regarding the addition of robotics education in kindergarten and elementary school as a tool for enhancing technological thinking, increasing children’s confidence in using technology, developing essential twenty-first century skills and increasing children’s self-confidence. A unique tailored compulsory program for kindergarten and elementary schools is presented. An important feature of this program is that the general education teachers are trained as robotics instructors. A quantitative survey of 197 children and a qualitative analysis of interviews are presented. Gender and age-related differences in attitudes towards robotics, self-confidence and technological self-efficacy are analysed. Children were assessed on their knowledge of basic robotics, sensors and programming, understanding technology and technological thinking and their desire to continue to study robotics and technology. Results show that kindergarten and elementary school children feel confident in their ability to invent new robots and other technological devices, and have positive attitudes towards learning technology, science and robotics in future.

Abstract: From a philosophical viewpoint, technological design is about connecting what is desirable with what is technically possible. Technology itself plays a major role in design processes, not only because technology development is what designing is all about, but also since the existing technology at any given point in time frames what is possible to achieve in terms of new outcomes. A limiting role of technology in design, education and other societal activities goes under the concept of technological determinism and has arguably been one of the most significant points of debate in the social sciences in the last decades. The aim of this article is to investigate how philosophical, sociological and historical research, as well as design and innovation research about technological determinism, could be fruitfully reconsidered in technology education. The analysis yielded three novel findings about the nature of technological determinism. First of all, technological determinism can take the form of an idea, theory or a way of explaining technology development in history or the present, but it can also take the form of actual material structures that—implicitly or explicitly—permeate and influence society, or, at least, this is what some researchers claim. Secondly, technological determinism is not just something that is the result of a bird’s eye view of technology and society or when we study technology as part of the macro level of society. Determinism can appear on all levels, even the micro level. Thirdly, like its counterpart social/societal determinism, technological determinism is not necessarily a “bad” thing, but a natural result of design being a balance between what is societally desirable and technically possible. The most critical issue from the point of view of technological literacy is to promote the idea that it is humans that design and retain control over technology.

Abstract: The article seeks to explore and evaluate the current research regarding the use of technology in community school classrooms. The article will discuss current trends in digital learning as well as...

Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the effect of authentic problem-based learning (PBL) activities in the unit of “Human and Environment” on 7th graders’ environmental information, their reflective thinking skills and their environmental attitudes. The sample of the study consisted of 53 7th grade students from two different classes attending Science and Technology Course at a government school in Turkey. One of the groups was attended as control group the other one was attended as experimental groups. Reflective Thinking Skills Scale, Environmental Knowledge Test, and Environmental Attitude Scale were used as data collection tools. The research design of the study was quasi experimental pre-test post-test control group design. The experimental group was taught by PBL and the control group was taught by didactic teaching method. The results of the study displayed that PBL had significant effect on 7th graders’ environmental knowledge; environmental attitudes but it had no significant effect on students’ reflective thinking skills.

Abstract: Using visualized bibliographic data and a range of quantitative research methods, the analysis of the International Journal of Technology and Design Education (IJTDE), which is included in the core collection of Social Science Citation Index, reached a number of conclusions. Firstly, IJTDE is an important platform for the exchange of research results in the field of technology education, and has a significant influence. Secondly, De Vries, Williams, Ankiewicz and a number of others are influential and prolific authors in the IJTDE. Authors from the USA, England, New Zealand, Taiwan and Australia make most contributions to the IJTDE, Delft University of Technology, University of Auckland and the University of Waikato are the more prolific institutions in the IJTDE. Thirdly, technology education, education, design, science, creativity, technology, design education, knowledge, student, technological literacy and problem solving are the most frequency keywords in the IJTDE. Creativity, design education, problem solving, curriculum development, design and critical thinking, practice, engineering education, and STEM education are research trends in the IJTDE between 2000 and 2018. Fourthly, the discipline knowledge base mainly focuses on teaching and design methods in the technological environment, and the definitions of technology-related concepts. The results enable a deeper understanding and consideration of the content and influence of IJTDE, and the research hotspots in the field of technology education.

Abstract: Nowadays, with respect to the rapid development of technology education, the rigorous issue of students’ employability, and the swift awareness of University Social Responsibility (USR), a majority of higher education institutions have necessarily dedicated themselves to discovering the most effective sustainable strategies in order to survive in the current hyper-competitive and low birthrate era. Therefore, this research creatively employed the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to interdisciplinarily and mutually assay the correlationships among technology education, students’ employability, and institutions’ developmental sustainability. Further, it also cross-applied and consolidated the Factor Analysis (FA) approach and the Entropy Analysis (EA) model to comprehensively probe in-depth into the results from a large-scale questionnaire completed by various experts in order to delve into the most critical determinants of students’ employability in technology education to advance higher education enrollment sustainability. As a result, the most valuable finding of this research is to directly point out “poverty, unemployment, and educational equitability” as the three most materially considered factors by students during their higher education institution selection process. As a result, higher education institutions have necessarily developed the Concurrent Usages Convenience Technological Feature (CUCTF, Information Immediacy Usability Openness Technological Feature (IIUOTF), Course-Professionalization Technology Assessment (CPTA), and Course-evaluation Technology Analysis System (CTAS) of technology education to strengthen the covered Self-control Capability (SCC), Communication Expression Ability (CEA), Active Attitude and Ambition (AAA), and Problem-solving Ability (PSA) of students’ employability to interdisciplinarily explore the most critical determinants of students’ employability in technology education to advance higher education enrollment sustainability.

Abstract: Higher education institutions are increasingly pursuing sustainable development goals in engineering and technology education. The concepts related to operations, production, and consumption continue to gain importance and significance for engineering students. In the engineering profession, the incorporation of sustainability means integrating environmental, economic, and social factors into the evaluation of design processes, products, and services. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an engineering program that along with the technical content, also fosters a critical sense regarding the social and environmental aspects of the field. The current status of sustainability education in engineering programs offered in Saudi universities is not very promising. In this paper, we explore the use of existing university curricula to incorporate sustainability elements into engineering education and training. Sustainability concepts were introduced into selected courses by using a micro-curriculum approach. Moreover, a standalone course is also introduced. We observed that this approach has been successful in integrating sustainability into the engineering curriculum. We recommend that such an approach be used to develop sustainability awareness in engineering programs.

Abstract: Some evaluation has been carried out in Vocational High Schools (VHSs), but most of it focuses on the documents or passive data rather than the processes happening in VHSs. Thus, this research focuses on the evaluation of VHS performances where the process is initiated with identifying the constructs and developing the instruments of performance evaluation for VHSs with Technology and Engineering expertise programs. Based on the problems found in the field, before conducting the evaluation, the researcher needs to, at first, develop the instrument of evaluation through three stages of development. The first stage is analyzing the concepts related to the evaluation by examining the factors affecting VHS performances. In the second stage, instrument development and instrument analysis (content validation) are conducted with the help of experts. The third stage is performance evaluation in VHSs located in Yogyakarta. The evaluation employs a set of instruments developed by the researchers. This research has produced a set of instruments for performance evaluation, which can be used extensively in VHSs. Based on the evaluation, it is found that the aspects of general management and academic management of the VHSs being studied are considered “Good”.

Abstract: This research aimed to contribute to the overall understanding of pre-service teachers’ acceptance of the Digital Storytelling (DS) tool. The primary associations of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) were tested in the academic years 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 for statistical significance when the effects of the pre-service training teachers' digital age and status were controlled. Data from 296 pre-service teachers, from second and third study year, majority women considered vulnerable group were collected. The factor analysis and invariance tests on basic TAM were performed. The results revealed that DS tool usage intention was a function of perceived usefulness and ease of use. This research established the TAM applicability with the control variables addition to model the DS tool acceptance by pre-service teachers, as didactic material for natural sciences and technology education. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance were confirmed across both cross-temporal and cross-sectorial groups. Perceived ease of use of DS has strongly influenced both usefulness (β=.571, t=11.958, p<.0001) and intention to use of DS (β=.763, t=19.914, p<.0001), under the influences of the control variables. The outcomes contributed to the general understanding of DS pre-service teachers’ adoption relevant for natural sciences and technology education and for recognition of vulnerable category behavior. Keywords: digital storytelling tool, natural sciences didactics, technology education didactics, pre-service teachers’ digital age, pre-service teachers’ status, TAM model.

Abstract: Spatial visualization ability is an important factor in a child’s cognitive development. Its development is affected by numerous factors such as general intelligence, problem-solving skills, gender, playing building games, experience with engineering drawing and 3D modelling, etc. The study aimed to explore how engineering 3D modelling with SketchUp computer programme affects the development of students’ spatial thinking and visualization in consideration of previous experience with 3D modelling and students’ grades in Technics and Technology. The study included 166 11–14-year-old students who were assigned to an experimental and a control group. A pre-and post-test were applied for initial and final testing. To test students’ spatial visualization abilities, an experimental tool with the following elements was assembled: Picture Rotation Test, Form Board Test, The Punched Holes Test, Differential Aptitude Test: Space Relations, The Surface Development Test, Mental Rotation Test, Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations. The experimental group was included in 30-h training in 3D modelling with SketchUp. The results have shown an excellent response of students in the experimental group to the training and confirmed the expectations concerning the improvement of spatial visualization abilities of these students irrespective of their previous experience and school grades in Technics and Technology. The study has shown that introducing spatial modelling with SketchUp in early technics and technology education enables more effective development and improvement of children’s spatial visualization ability skills.

Abstract: Now, in the education system, the main focus is given to the interests of the trainee. Orientation to the formation of a professional personality means the restructuring of the educational process from passive mastering of knowledge into the active process of forming the skills of their application in the process of life activity. In solving this problem, intensive training technologies aimed at optimizing, updating, systematizing, humanizing and comprehensively acquiring knowledge play an important role. The maximal consideration of the individual characteristics of the individual, as well as the activity of the individual in the process of obtaining professional education, come to the fore. The article is dedicated to increasing the quality of training of future teachers of vocational training; disclosed the epistemological, axiological and praxeological components; defned criteria and indicators for assessing the level of training of the future teachers of vocational education. It offers an introduction to the practice of modular technology education, promoting greater autonomy of educational work of students, flexibility and multilevel.

Abstract: Despite the shift from an elite to a mass higher education (HE) system in the UK, participation between students with Business Technology Education Council (BTEC) and Advanced-Level (A-level) quali...

Abstract: The phenomenological study on which this article is based inquired into Grade 9 Technology teachers’ professional development through workshops on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) as well as their training needs. The workshops took place in Nelspruit in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Data were gathered from two groups of teachers who attended the workshops on two different days, but who were trained in the same way and were subsequently conveniently selected to participate in the study. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with these teachers and the workshop facilitator was also interviewed. The training manual was scrutinised, the facilitation of the workshops was observed and a follow-up visit was done at two schools where the workshop participants taught. The findings revealed that while the teachers felt that the workshops developed them, such training did not fully meet their needs or expand their PCK repertoires. This study will inform the Mathematics, Science and Technology Academy (MSTA), which is tasked with offering in-service training to subject teachers in the province, about whether the workshops meet the needs of the attendees, thereby possibly necessitating a review ofthe training.

Abstract: Teachers' teaching practice plays a key role in the learning process of pupils, and for teaching to be successful, teachers must have knowledge in many different fields. This obviously also applies ...

Abstract: As stated in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Education and the Concept of Elementary Education, it is now time to give students an in-depth knowledge of the ways in which students can develop independent thinking and develop their creative and aesthetic thinking. ‘ One of the main objectives of in-house education and technology education. This is especially emphasized in the historic speeches of the First President of the Republic Islam Karimov at the nationwide session entitled “Harmoniously Developed Generation is the Pillar of the Development of Uzbekistan”, especially for primary school teachers who have a higher education and a deep knowledge of their subject. The first initiative is to promote the interest of young people in music, painting, literature, theater and other arts, as well as reveal their talents. The second initiative is aimed at creating the necessary conditions for the physical education of young people and their sports. At the moment, strengthening of independence of Uzbekistan and development of the future prospects for independence, first of all, depends on the most perfect people. Because of these people, science and culture, industry and agriculture are developing. After all, one of the tasks of moral education is to bring up and bring up a fully developed person. The restoration and development of morals and ethics is primarily dependent on the formation and development of various traditions and customs. Labor traditions are a combination of the moral and psychological characteristics of people who have been formed and usually turned around as a result of the repeated repetition of job skills and labor.

Abstract: Along with the rapid development of technology, the constant innovation and application of computer and information technology has information technology change humans’ future lifestyles as well as induce comprehensive changes in humans’ learning. Due to knowledge digitization, knowledge creation and update is fast that the acceleration and enhancement of learning effectiveness becomes the important issue concerned in global education development. Along with the population of digitization, information technology largely changes life and learning model. Applying experimental design model to the quasi-experimental research, total 188 business management students of universities in Fujian are preceded technology education with WebQuest. The experimental teaching is preceded 3 hours per week for 16 weeks (total 48 hours). Research results reveal 1. WebQuest would affect critical thinking psychology, 2. WebQuest would affect operation capability, 3. critical thinking psychology presents significantly positive effects on problem clarification in operation capability, 4. critical thinking psychology shows remarkably positive effects on effective interaction in operation capability, and 5. critical thinking psychology reveals notably positive effects on inductive inference in operation capability. According to the results, suggestions are proposed, expecting to help domestic technology education get into organizational and systematic development to further cultivate students’ technology literacy.

Abstract: Introduction . Technological education, being a part of the school curriculum, is presented as a factor and a means of students’ socialisation and as “a process and a result of active learning by schoolchildren the general and professional technological culture, general and special ways of technological transformation of reality, and the development of technological competency and creative abilities of a person” 1 . However, over the past decade, the goals of this type of education have undergone several changes: in high-technology competitive world, the priority is given to the development of “universal digital literacy”, which affected the content of teachers’ work. The peculiarity of a teacher’s work in the considered professional and pedagogical activity is the integration of pedagogical, psychological and technicaltechnological components. Currently, there is increased deficit of qualified technology teachers. The modern system of teacher education does not imply fundamental technical training and the training of technical specialists does not require the formation of psychological and pedagogical competencies. The approaches to solve the problem can be drawn from the theory and practical application of vocational pedagogy. Primarily, engineering pedagogy is intended to ensure the quality of personnel of teaching community in engineering institutions. The aim of the present article is to justify the appropriateness of using the methodology of engineering pedagogy in the training of teachers of technological education and the need for expanding of relevant educational programmes in graduate school and in the continuing education system in technical universities. Methodology and research methods . The research was based on the following methodology: the provisions of professionology; systematic analysis of applied aspects of engineering pedagogy; the principle of convergence, defining interdisciplinary and supra-professional relationships, contributes to the design and promotion of the transprofessional nature of actors; the main principle of operation and development of the system of vocational and pedagogical training and advanced training of teachers (including technology teachers) – synchronised content of teaching with scientific, technical and technological innovations. Results and scientific novelty . The authors show the relationship between engineering and technological education goals, based on shared general activity nature. Scientific grounds for the development of engineering pedagogy in terms of training of teachers of technology are identified. The triplicity of such training is demonstrated: the qualification required to be a technology teacher implies possession of effective educational methods, knowledge of child psychology and competences in the field of modern digital technologies and technological equipment. The constantly growing level of knowledge intensity of the latter and the specific intertwining of humanitarian, natural science and applied components in the work of the technology teacher show that the system of his or her continuing education, retraining and advanced training should be organised. On the basis of the technical specialty received earlier, the opportunities of such an organisation, including technical universities, are presented. One effective option could be the development of a digital cluster – a platform, which integrates the resources of educational institutions of different stages, production structures, as well as enterprises of medium and small business. The operation of this cluster will contribute to the rapid spread of modern technologies and it will provide their accessibility and continuity of technological education in school, as well as in secondary vocational and higher education. The common information space will ensure to provide the coordination of instrumental training elements, to compare methods and develop personality-oriented approaches with the help of distance technologies. In addition, the digital cluster can serve as a mechanism for selection and retraining of teachers of universities, technical schools and technology teachers through the formation of a database providing information on mentors with unique competencies. Practical significance . The authors believe that the present research could be useful for the development of alternative methods and forms of training of vocational and pedagogical personnel.

Abstract: E-learning has been and is an indispensable tool in the knowledge economy. It is attracting the special attention from many universities and educational institutions toward the goal of "learner-centric" because it is highly interactive, based on multimedia, enables learners to give exchange information more easily, and provides learning content that is appropriate to the capabilities and interests of each person. For more than forty years, e-learning has undergone a striking development that has paralleled technological breakthroughs. It, however, comes into the practice of education only upon integration into educational advances and based on the foundation of economic from three pillars: technology, education and economy, thereby highlighting the interactions among these factors and recommending orientations and synchronous solutions in this paper.

Abstract: This research presents a web-based lighting laboratory infrastructure that allows students to access and control application tools in lighting technology education through online real-time equipmen...

Abstract: The recently revised New Zealand Curriculum in technology education [Ministry of Education (MoE) Digital technologies: Hangarau Matihiki, Wellington, 2017. https://education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Ministry/consultations/DT-consultation/DTCP1701-Digital-Technologies-Hangarau-Matihiko-ENG.pdf] presents opportunities for teachers to provide a future-focused approach to learning. Teacher perceptions about the nature of their subject and the discourse within their school however, influence how the curriculum is interpreted, for enactment. This article reports findings from Ph.D. research that explored the disparity between the intent of the technology curriculum and the practice of five technology teachers, in two secondary school settings. There is a focus on the ways that teachers might be supported to navigate challenges and enable change in their practice, if they are motivated to enact technology education in a future-focused way. Teachers’ interpretation and enactment of the New Zealand curriculum are heavily influenced by others’ understanding of their subject, and the organisational structures in their school. A threshold concept is presented as a strategy to transform teachers’ thinking, when making meaning of the curriculum, and to develop their knowledge for practice. Recommendations are made regarding the necessary changes in thinking and practice in technology education in New Zealand, to address a further disparity between what school-based practitioners believe students need and what academic researchers assert is important in contemporary education. Initial Teacher Education Programmes are briefly discussed as a means of addressing this issue from another perspective, to ensure that student teachers are exposed to future-focused conceptions of the curriculum at University, to compensate when such practice is not observed during their school placements.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore whether, and if so how, a design activity could encourage students to express and develop knowledge on emerging technology in relation to issues about sustainability Several researchers have asserted that, in today’s technologically dependent society, it is important to be able to control technology and make informed decisions connected to technology Design activities could make a significant contribution to technology education while students are developing their knowledge about technology Thus, the present study aims to analyze students’ verbal interactions as they work in a design project, which includes designing a model of a house, regarding their ability to develop technological literacy with the support of a physical model The study is based on several small-group interactions that were recorded, transcribed, analyzed, and discussed This research project was conducted as an observation of technology education in a Swedish compulsory school The students (aged 13–14) negotiated and shared knowledge about technology as they interacted with their fellow students The results indicate that, in a relatively large number of situations, the students expressed knowledge about emerging technology and adopted a sustainability perspective while working in a design activity, and thereby, successively developed technological literacy This meant that the students were able to integrate knowledge on emerging technology like graphene, nanotechnology, and algae batteries in their models Furthermore, the results indicate that, during technical development work, students were able to develop reasoning, communication, and collaboration skills

Abstract: The rise of STEM education, and the twenty first century skills movement, and the increasingly technologically driven nature of our world, has pushed technology education to the fore in recent times. Technology education faces a range of equity issues and there has been a particular focus on gender issues. This study considers two less explored equity issues: school location and socioeconomic status (SES). Using data routinely collected in Victoria, Australia by the Department of Education and Training, senior school technology subject provision, enrolment and achievement patterns were examined by location and SES. Though little difference was found in the academic performance of students from metropolitan or non-metropolitan locations in technology subjects, there were notable differences in participation. Non-metropolitan students were more likely to enrol in design technology and engineering subjects than students attending metropolitan schools. However, while nonmetropolitan student’s enrolled in the digital technology subjects at a similar rate to metropolitan students, nonmetropolitan students were less likely to have access to these subjects. Students from lower SES schools tended to perform more poorly in technology subjects than students from high SES backgrounds. Further, the lowest SES schools were the least likely to offer technology subjects. This skewed access to, and performance in, technology subjects by SES and location, highlights significant equity issues in technology education that have attracted only limited attention in the literature.

Abstract: Learning area integrated teaching, teaching unit topics and the contents of various subjects with team teaching and cooperative learning to have students learn better integrated concepts, is emphasized domestically. Nevertheless, it is discovered that subject-specific teaching is still used in living technology teaching area. The integration and application of knowledge content learned in classes could enhance the problem solving opportunity. To effectively achieve research objectives and test research hypotheses, nonequivalent test experimental design is applied to the experimental research in this study. Aiming at 312 business school students of Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR), Indonesia, as the experimental objects, the research results are summarized as below. 1. STEM curriculum integration model presents significant effects on learning effect. 2. STEM curriculum integration model shows remarkable effects on learning gain. 3. Living technology teaching reveals notable effects on learning effect. 4. Living technology teaching appears significant effects on learning gain. 5. STEM curriculum integration model integrated living technology teaching presents remarkable effects on learning effect. 6. STEM curriculum integration model integrated living technology teaching shows notable effects on the promotion of learning gain. According to the results to propose suggestions, it is expected to have students analyze problems from more aspects and develop diverse solving strategies to effectively enhance living technology learning effectiveness.

Abstract: This paper highlights the effects brought about by the implementation of the Information Communication Technology (ICT) subject in the Zambian primary education curriculum. In particular, it shows how various schools have implemented the new subject, its effects on schools, challenges faced with implementing the subject and remedies to counter the challenges. The paper then outlines and discusses findings of a study designed to investigate the effects in implementing the ICT in education subject in primary schools using data obtained from ten schools under Lusaka Province. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions made to address challenges and improve the subject adoption rate. Despite multiple policies around the importance and implementation of ICTs, the paper warns that without proper resources, infrastructure and administrative support, the effective implementation of the ICT in education subject cannot be achieved.

Abstract: In this article, we investigated how craft curriculum enacted in 2016 was reflected in the current discussions of the stakeholders, that is, the craft teachers, the craft student teachers, the craft teacher educators, and the government employees. In the curriculum, textile craft and technical craft, previously perceived mainly as separate entities, were conjoined as an approach in which “multiple materials are used, and activities are based on craft expression, design, and technology” (FNBE, 2014). This caused confusion in the field about the goals and arrangements of craft education. The data consisted of craft teachers’ professional magazines, curriculum blog, and written statements. The discussions concerning the undertaking of the new craft curriculum were analysed by document analysis. Three emerging themes were found to be central in the debates: lesson hour distribution, multi-materiality, and technology education. The analysis revealed that there was a shared understanding about the lesson hour distribution not being enough to enable the proper fulfilment of the craft curriculum. Conflicting views were expressed about the implementation of multi-materiality and technology education. In general, many textile craft stakeholders were open to adapt a more multi-material approach, seeing it as bringing new opportunities to craft education. Many technical craft stakeholders believed that multi-materiality is an artificially-constructed concept, and they saw technology education as already being an essential part of technical craft teaching. Consequently, the curriculum reform has caused turbulence that is dividing the craft stakeholders and especially the craft teachers.Keywords: craft education, sloyd, technology education, multi-materiality, curriculum reform, education in Finland

Abstract: The Māori Whakatauki (significant saying) for Technology Education: Kaua e rangiruatia te hāpai o te hoe; E kore to tātou waka e u ki uta. Don’t paddle out of unison; Our canoe will never reach the shore. Quality initial teacher education (ITE) builds on student prior knowledge. Students bring a wealth of life and career knowledge and skills to inform the planning of our Technology Education programmes, as an essential starting point. This paper seeks to establish a clear benchmark for planning programme origins through identifying and incorporating the real nature of our student entry understandings. We outline a large-scale New Zealand study that explores student entry understandings of technology and Technology Education. The scope of the study involves 906 ITE student teachers across early childhood, primary and secondary sectors. A questionnaire, held on the first day of each programme, initiated the research by investigating the influence of demographic and other factors on student attitudes and understandings of technology and Technology Education. Results revealed that participants viewed technology positively, and understood the role and importance of key aspects of technology and therefore the place of Technology Education, this however varied between age and sectors. Findings have informed current programme planning, by providing an appropriately targeted approach to initial ITE Technology Education delivery. The resulting programme delivery will go some way to ensuring an informed common message will reticulate to communities and schools about the real benefits of learning the technology way. These findings also provide a solid basis for a national longitudinal study.