Topic
Technical standard
About: Technical standard is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1118 publications have been published within this topic receiving 13807 citations. The topic is also known as: document standard & standard.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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Papers
TL;DR: Standards and consensus recommendations are presented for manufacturers, clinicians, operators, and researchers with the aims of increasing the accuracy, precision, and quality of spirometric measurements and improving the patient experience.
Abstract: Background: Spirometry is the most common pulmonary function test. It is widely used in the assessment of lung function to provide objective information used in the diagnosis of lung diseases and monitoring lung health. In 2005, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society jointly adopted technical standards for conducting spirometry. Improvements in instrumentation and computational capabilities, together with new research studies and enhanced quality assurance approaches, have led to the need to update the 2005 technical standards for spirometry to take full advantage of current technical capabilities.Methods: This spirometry technical standards document was developed by an international joint task force, appointed by the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society, with expertise in conducting and analyzing pulmonary function tests, laboratory quality assurance, and developing international standards. A comprehensive review of published evidence was performed. A patient survey was developed to capture patients' experiences.Results: Revisions to the 2005 technical standards for spirometry were made, including the addition of factors that were not previously considered. Evidence to support the revisions was cited when applicable. The experience and expertise of task force members were used to develop recommended best practices.Conclusions: Standards and consensus recommendations are presented for manufacturers, clinicians, operators, and researchers with the aims of increasing the accuracy, precision, and quality of spirometric measurements and improving the patient experience. A comprehensive guide to aid in the implementation of these standards was developed as an online supplement.
2,934 citations
1 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The official goal of the ICH is to harmonize inconsistent technical regulatory standards across different regions and countries in order to avoid costly, wasteful, and duplicative testing in pharmaceutical development.
Abstract: The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is a combined industry and government organization. It is centrally involved in constructing and setting international technical standards for the testing, development, and monitoring of pharmaceuticals, especially in the fields of drug quality, safety, and efficacy. There are two types of memberships: full membership with voting rights; and membership that permits only 'observer' status without voting rights. The ICH Steering Committee (SC) was established in 1990 and determines the policies and procedures for ICH, selects the topics for harmonization and monitors the progress of harmonization initiatives. The core financial support for ICH is, and has been, provided by the international pharmaceutical industry trade associations. The official goal of the ICH is to harmonize inconsistent technical regulatory standards across different regions and countries in order to avoid costly, wasteful, and duplicative testing in pharmaceutical development. Keywords: drug regulatory authorities; ICH; ICH Steering Committee (SC); international pharmaceutical industry
1,682 citations
TL;DR: A number of key technical challenges as well as the potential solutions associated with 6G, including physical-layer transmission techniques, network designs, security approaches, and testbed developments are outlined.
Abstract: With the fast development of smart terminals and emerging new applications (e.g., real-time and interactive services), wireless data traffic has drastically increased, and current cellular networks (even the forthcoming 5G) cannot completely match the quickly rising technical requirements. To meet the coming challenges, the sixth generation (6G) mobile network is expected to cast the high technical standard of new spectrum and energy-efficient transmission techniques. In this article, we sketch the potential requirements and present an overview of the latest research on the promising techniques evolving to 6G, which have recently attracted considerable attention. Moreover, we outline a number of key technical challenges as well as the potential solutions associated with 6G, including physical-layer transmission techniques, network designs, security approaches, and testbed developments.
1,117 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, Grant P. Wiggins analyzes some time-honored but morally and intellectually problematic practices in test design, such as the use of secrecy, distracters, scoring on a curve, and formats that allow for no explanation by students of their answers.
Abstract: What is assessment and how does testing differ from it? Why will a move to performance tests, by itself, not provide us with an adequate system of student assessment? How might we better "test our tests" beyond the technical standards that now apply? And why won't increased national testing offer us the accountability of schools we so sorely need? In this book, Grant P. Wiggins clarifies the limits of testing in an assessment system. Beginning with the premise that student assessment should improve performance, not just audit it, Wiggins analyzes some time-honored but morally and intellectually problematic practices in test design, such as the use of secrecy, distracters, scoring on a curve, and formats that allow for no explanation by students of their answers. He explains how many test-design standards serve technical experts and their needs rather than students and their interests. And he discusses how useful and timely feedback is an absolute requirement of any authentic test. By showing us that assessment is more than testing and intellectual performance is more than right answers, Wiggins points the way toward new systems of assessment that more closely examine students' habits of mind and provide teachers and policy makers with more useful and credible feedback.
563 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the utility of a firm for joining a particular standard-setting alliance increases with the size of the alliance and decreases with the presence of rivals in the alliance, especially close rivals.
Abstract: We present a theory for predicting how business firms form alliances to develop and sponsor technical standards. Our basic assumptions are that the utility of a firm for joining a particular standard-setting alliance increases with the size of the alliance and decreases with the presence of rivals in the alliance, especially close rivals. The predicted alliance configurations are simply the Nash equilibria, i.e., those sets of alliances for which no single firm has an incentive to switch to another alliance. We illustrate our theory by estimating the choices of nine computer companies to join one of two alliances sponsoring competing Unix operating system standards in 1988.
346 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 4 |
| 2024 | 10 |
| 2023 | 22 |
| 2022 | 31 |
| 2021 | 41 |
| 2020 | 48 |