TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between metaphorical truth and metaphoric truthfulness in poetics and metaphorical reality in the context of metaphorical discourse, and the relation between metaphor and the semantics of discourse.
Abstract: Translator's introduction Introduction Study 1/Between Rhetoric and Poetics: Aristotle 1. Rhetoric and Poetics 2. The intersection of the Poetics and the Rhetorics: 'Epiphora of the name' 3. An enigma: metaphor and simile (eikon) 4. The place of exis in rhetoric 5. The place of lexis in poetics Study 2/The decline of rhetoric: Tropology 1. The rhetorical 'model' of tropology Fontainer: the primacy of idea and of word 3. Trope and figure 4. Metonymy, synecdoche, metaphor 5. The family of metaphor 6. Forced metaphor and newly invented metaphorStudy 3/Metaphor and the semantics of Discourse 1. The debate between semantics and semiotics 2. Semantics and rhetoric of metaphor 3. Logical grammar and semantics 4. Literary criticism and semantics Study 4/Metaphor and the Semantics of the word 1. Monism of the sign and primacy of the word 2. Logic and linguistics of denomination 3. Metaphor as 'change of meaning' 4. Metaphor and the Saussurean postulates 5. Between sentence and word: the interplay of meaning Study 5/Metaphor and the new rhetoric 1. Deviation and rhetoric degree zone 2. The space of the figure 3. Deviation and reduction of deviation 4. The functioning of figures: 'semic' analysis Study 6/The work of resemblance 1. Substitution and resemblance 2. The 'iconic' moment of metaphor 3. The case against resemblance 5. Psycholinguistics of metaphor 6. Icon and image Study 7/Metaphor and reference 1. The postulates of reference 2. The case against reference 3. A generalized theory of denotation 4. Model and metaphor 5. Towards the concept of 'metaphorical truth' Study 8/Metaphor and Philosophical Discourse 1. Metaphor and the equivocalness of being: Aristotle 2. Metaphor and analogia entis: onto-theology 3. Meta-phor and meta-physics 4. The intersection of spheres of discourse 5. Ontological clarification of the postulate reference Appendix Notes Works cited Index of authors
TL;DR: Theoretical and historical aspects of metonymy are discussed in this article, with a focus on the role of the direct object in relation to the direct relation between the referential and metaphorical aspects.
Abstract: 1. Introduction (by Panther, Klaus-Uwe) 2. Part I: Theoretical Aspects of Metonymy 3. Towards a Theory of Metonymy (by Radden, Gunter) 4. Speaking and Thinking with Metonymy (by Gibbs, Jr., Raymond W.) 5. Metonymy and Conceptual Integration (by Fauconnier, Gilles) 6. Distinguishing Metonymy from Synecdoche (by Seto, Ken-ichi) 7. Aspects of Referential Metonymy (by Warren, Beatrice) 8. Part II: Historical Aspects of Metonymy 9. frame and Cognity: On the Cognitive Bases of Metonymy and Certain Types of Word Formation (by Koch, Peter) 10. Co-presence and Succession: A Cognitive Typology of Metonymy (by Blank, Andreas) 11. Metonymic Bridges in Modal Shifts (by Goossens, Louis) 12. Metonymy in Onomastics (by Jakel, Olaf) 13. Part III: Case Studies of Metonymy 14. Grammatical Constraints on Metonymy: On the Role of the Direct Object (by Waltereit, Richard) 15. Putting Metonymy in its Place (by Pauwels, Paul) 16. Conversion as a Conceptual Metonymy of Event Schemata (by Dirven, Rene) 17. Opposition as a Metonymic Principle (by Vosshagen, Christian) 18. Metonymic Hierarchies: The Conceptualization of Stupidity in German Idiomatic Expressions (by Feyaerts, Kurt) 19. The Potentiality for Actuality Metonymy in English and Hungarian (by Panther, Klaus-Uwe) 20. Part IV: Applications of Metonymy 21. "Mummy, I like being a sandwich": Metonymy in Language Acquisition (by Nerlich, Brigitte) 22. Recontextualization of Metonymy in Narrative and the Case of Morrison's Song of Solomon (by Pankhurst, Anne) 23. List of Contributors 24. Subject index 25. Author index 26. Metonymy and metaphor index
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define an analytic-scientific and an emotional-ethical approach and their interrelations, and explore some possible interconnections among the three main phenomena, before discussing each in more detail.
Abstract: After sharply defining and contrasting an “analytic-scientific” and an “emotional-ethical” approach and their interrelations, this article goes on to explore some possible interconnections among the three main phenomena, before discussing each in more detail. The first is political economy in several important senses; germane problems are noted that deal with (ethno) quantification and the innovative individual. The second phenomenon is ideology, in three senses: (1) notional ideology, (2) ideology for maintaining or changing a sociopolitical order, and (3) ideology for masking a structure of domination. The third phenomenon is language, again in various senses, but particularly as (1) a symbolism with a structure analogous in some ways to that of economics, and (2) a mediator between ideology and political economy; considerable attention is given to the political-economic functions of language figures such as irony and synecdoche. A fourth, analytically crucial kind of ideology, “linguacultural ideology,” fills in the foregoing structure. Alternative logics, alternative combinations of variables, and alternative complementary theories are suggested throughout, particularly in the final section.
TL;DR: The authors argue that Peggy McIntosh's seminal "knapsack" article acts as a synecdoche, or as a stand-in, for all the antiracist work to be done in teacher education and that this limits our understanding and possibilities for action.
Abstract: In this article, members of the Midwest Critical Whiteness Collective argue that Peggy McIntosh's seminal “knapsack” article acts as a synecdoche, or as a stand-in, for all the antiracist work to be done in teacher education and that this limits our understanding and possibilities for action. The authors develop this argument by questioning the lack of critique of McIntosh's 1988 classic “invisible knapsack” article and sharing two narratives by members of their collective that illustrate problems with both the acceptance and the rejection of McIntosh's conception of white privilege. This discussion illuminates how white privilege pedagogy demands confession and how confession is a dead end for antiracist action. The authors also explore how McIntosh's ideas can lead to dangerous misreadings of student resistance. Acknowledging the initial fruitfulness of McIntosh's ideas, it is time for us to move to more complex treatments of working with white people on questions of race, white supremacy, and antiracism.
TL;DR: In this paper, a book-length study of the rhetoric of example in early modern literature is presented, focusing on six major writers: Machiavelli, Marguerite de Navarre, Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes, and Marie de Lafayette.
Abstract: Examples, crucial links between discourse and society's view of reality, have until now been largely neglected in literary criticism. In the first book-length study of the rhetoric of example, John Lyons situates this figure by comparing it with more frequently studied tropes such as metaphor and synecdoche, discusses meanings of the terms example and exemplum, and proposes a set of descriptive concepts for the study of example in early modern literature. Tracing its paradoxical nature back to Aristotle's Rhetoric, Lyons shows how exemplary rhetoric is caught between often competing aims of persuasive general statement and accurate representation. In French and Italian texts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries this dual task was rendered still more challenging by a transition to new sources of examples as the age of discovery brought increased emphasis on observation. The writers of this period were aware of a crisis in exemplary rhetoric, a situation in which serious questions were raised about how authors and audience would find a common ground in interpreting representative instances. Lyons's focus on the strategy of example leads to new readings of six major writers--Machiavelli, Marguerite de Navarre, Montaigne, Pascal, Descartes, and Marie de Lafayette.