TL;DR: A molecular phylogenetic analysis of all currently recognised species including members of the sister genus Suta and new morphological data that lead to a taxonomic revision of generic and species boundaries are provided and synonymise Parasuta with its senior synonym Suta is synonymised.
Abstract: Despite decades of phylogenetic studies, the generic and species-level relationships of some Australian elapid snakes remain problematic. The morphologically conservative genus Parasuta comprises small nocturnal snakes with a particularly obfuscated taxonomic history. Here we provide a molecular phylogenetic analysis of all currently recognised species including members of the sister genus Suta and provide new morphological data that lead to a taxonomic revision of generic and species boundaries. We failed to find support for monophyly of Parasuta or Suta, instead supporting previous evidence that these two genera should be combined. Our species-level investigations revise the boundaries between P. gouldii (Gray) and P. spectabilis (Krefft) resulting in recognition that both P. spectabilis bushi (Storr) and P. spectabilis nullarbor (Storr) are conspecific with P. gouldii. We also find the Pilbara population of P. monachus (Storr) to be specifically distinct. As a consequence of this information, we synonymise Parasuta with its senior synonym Suta, redescribe S. gouldii, S. monachus and S. spectabilis to clarify morphological and geographical boundaries and describe S. gaikhorstorum sp. nov., which differs from all other described Suta species, including the geographically proximate and similar-looking S. monachus, by a combination of molecular genetic markers, morphometric attributes, details of colouration and scalation. The recognition of S. gaikhorstorum sp. nov. adds to the growing list of the many endemic reptiles from this exceptionally diverse biotic region. We also designate a lectotype for S. spectabilis from the original syntype series, highlight a distinctive population from the Great Victoria Desert in Western Australia and comment on further unresolved issues regarding the relationships between S. dwyeri (Worrell) and S. nigriceps (Gȕnther).
TL;DR: The snake now caled Micropechis elapoides is transferred to a new genus Loveridgelaps, here believed to be closely related to Salomnelaps par, Ogmodon vitianus, and Vermicella annualata; an account of the variation in Loverid gelaps elopoides is presented.
Abstract: The snakes now called Denisonia par and D. woodfordi are considered conspecific, but generically distinct from Denisonia (for the Australian D. maculata and D. devisi); they are here termed Salomonelaps par and an account is presented of the considerable island-to-island variation in that species. the snake now caled Micropechis elapoides is transferred to a new genus Loveridgelaps, here believed to be closely related to Salomnelaps par, Ogmodon vitianus, and Vermicella annualata; an account (quite tentative and unsatisfactory because of the paucity of specimens) of the variation in Loveridgelaps elopoides is presented. Salomonelaps, Loveridgelaps, Ogmodon, and Vermicella make up a well defined (by the presence of an imperforate lateral process of the palatine) group of Australiasian elapids, the Vermicella group, and a key to the genera and generic descriptions for this group are presented. The New Guinea genus Micropechis (containing only M. ikaheka) is a member of a different group, here called the Pseudechis, containing also pseudechis, Austrelaps (for A. superbus), and Suta (for the genera Suta, Parasuta, and Unechis of Worrell, and the species Fasciata and Punctata, referred to Denisonia by Worrell, and Flagellum, referred to Cryptophis by Worrell). Some additional notes are given on the type of Denisonia boschmai Brongersma & Knaap-Van Meeurwen (here considered a geographic variation of Suta carpentariae), and a key to the genera of Pseudechis group is presented.
TL;DR: Results show that SutB is the major sulfate permease involved in sulfate uptake by P. chrysogenum, and sutA is expressed to a much lower level than is sutB.
Abstract: In industrial fermentations, Penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as the source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. By a PCR-based approach, two genes, sutA and sutB, whose encoded products belong to the SulP superfamily of sulfate permeases were isolated. Transformation of a sulfate uptake-negative sB3 mutant of Aspergillus nidulans with the sutB gene completely restored sulfate uptake activity. The sutA gene did not complement the A. nidulans sB3 mutation, even when expressed under control of the sutB promoter. Expression of both sutA and sutB in P. chrysogenum is induced by growth under sulfur starvation conditions. However, sutA is expressed to a much lower level than is sutB. Disruption of sutB resulted in a loss of sulfate uptake ability. Overall, the results show that SutB is the major sulfate permease involved in sulfate uptake by P. chrysogenum.
TL;DR: In this paper, two genes, sutA and sutB, whose encoded products belong to the SulP superfamily of sulfate permeases were isolated by a PCR-based approach.
Abstract: In industrial fermentations, Penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as the source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. By a PCR-based approach, two genes, sutA and sutB, whose encoded products belong to the SulP superfamily of sulfate permeases were isolated. Transformation of a sulfate uptake-negative sB3 mutant of Aspergillus nidulans with the sutB gene completely restored sulfate uptake activity. The sutA gene did not complement the A. nidulans sB3 mutation, even when expressed under control of the sutB promoter. Expression of both sutA and sutB in P. chrysogenum is induced by growth under sulfur starvation conditions. However, sutA is expressed to a much lower level than is sutB. Disruption of sutB resulted in a loss of sulfate uptake ability. Overall, the results show that SutB is the major sulfate permease involved in sulfate uptake by P. chrysogenum.
TL;DR: SutA is added to a growing list of transcription regulators that use their intrinsically disordered regions to remodel transcription complexes and its small magnitudes of in vitro effects are consistent with a role in maintaining activity required for homeostasis during dormancy.
Abstract: Though most bacteria in nature are nutritionally limited and grow slowly, our understanding of core processes like transcription comes largely from studies in model organisms doubling rapidly. We previously identified a small protein of unknown function, SutA, in a screen of proteins synthesized in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during dormancy. SutA binds RNA polymerase (RNAP), causing widespread changes in gene expression, including upregulation of the ribosomal RNA genes. Here, using biochemical and structural methods, we examine how SutA interacts with RNAP and the functional consequences of these interactions. We show that SutA comprises a central α-helix with unstructured N- and C-terminal tails, and binds to the β1 domain of RNAP. It activates transcription from the rrn promoter by both the housekeeping sigma factor holoenzyme (Eσ70 ) and the stress sigma factor holoenzyme (EσS ) in vitro, but has a greater impact on EσS . In both cases, SutA appears to affect intermediates in the open complex formation and its N-terminal tail is required for activation. The small magnitudes of in vitro effects are consistent with a role in maintaining activity required for homeostasis during dormancy. Our results add SutA to a growing list of transcription regulators that use their intrinsically disordered regions to remodel transcription complexes.