Super column

Abstract: Shanghai Center,which has an architectural height of 632m,adopts the lateral resisting system of mega frame-core-outrigger structure,and is a steel-concrete hybrid structure.The tower architectural design,structural system,structural design principle and main results are introduced briefly.Some critical issues of structural analysis are present.The analysis results in reasonable design live load according to the code and architectural layout.The wind-induced structural response is studied,including comparison and discussion of wind tunnel results with ‘Load code for the design of building structures’(GB 50009—2001) calculations.From earthquake response studies,performance-based seismic design objectives and earthquake response spectrum are obtained,and structural degree of reliability is set.The bearing capacity and ductility of super columns are studies,and steel skeleton selection of the super column is discussed.Measures of structural steel usage optimization result in a reasonably economical steel usage of 12000t.Finally,elasto-plastic time history analysis shows that the structural seismic performance can satisfy the original targets with good ductility.

Abstract: In this book authors for the first time introduce the notion of supermatrices of refined labels. Authors prove super row matrix of refined labels form a group under addition. However super row matrix of refined labels do not form a group under product; it only forms a semigroup under multiplication. In this book super column matrix of refined labels and m x n matrix of refined labels are introduced and studied.

Abstract: A mega-frame structure system, which is composed of super elements to resist both gravity and lateral loads, is considered to be suitable for tall buildings because of its efficiency in resisting lateral load [1]. The mega-frame systems, however, may be vulnerable for progressive collapse caused by sudden loss of a super column because the structural redundancy of a mega-frame is generally limited in comparison with those of conventional buildings. The progressive collapse in buildings refers to the phenomenon that local damage of structural elements caused by abnormal loads results in global collapse of the structure. The analysis method recommended is the alternative path method [2], in which the structure is designed in such a way that if any one component fails, alternate load paths are available and a general collapse does not occur. In most cases design for redundancy requires that a building structure be able to tolerate loss of any one column without collapse. Recently the performances against progressive collapse have been studied for steel structures [3] and for reinforced concrete structures [4,5]. Analysis procedures and program softwares were developed to simulate collapse behavior of structures [6,7]. This study investigates the progressive collapse resisting capacity of mega-frame structures composed of many identical subsystems based on column-loss scenario recommended in the GSA guidelines [2]. To this end nonlinear static analyses of mega-frames composed of various numbers of subsystems and super columns are carried out by removing one of the super columns. Based on the analysis results various modifications and alternative schemes are investigated to enhance the progressive collapse resisting capacity of mega-frame buildings.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To utilize a land effectively by forming a unit on artificial ground which is supported on a center core formed of an inner tube and an outer tube provided coaxially on the center core to construct a living block. SOLUTION: Many screw jack devices 32 provided with a plurality of screw rods 31 on a body of a foundation part 30 are installed to lift a steel pipe column 33 by rotating the screw rods 31. A truss is provided between the steel columns 33 which come out of the screw rods 31 in accordance with the rise of the steel pipe columns 33 to use it as a super column, and concrete is filled in the inside of the steel pipe column 33 to prepare a steel pipe concrete column. Next, the steel pipe columns 33 in the longitudinal direction are constituted into steel pipe concrete column sequentially, and artificial ground 18 is formed on an outer tube 14 and a center core 11 of an inner tube sequentially to form a unit 19 in its upper part so that a living block 17 is constructed. Consequently, it is possible to utilize a land effectively and form a large-scale collective artificial space.