TL;DR: In this paper, the basic models of two-phase flow are discussed and empirical treatments of two phase flow are provided. But the authors focus on convective boiling and condensing.
Abstract: Introduction 1. The basic models 2. Empirical treatments of two-phase flow 3. Introduction to convective boiling 4. Subcooled boiling heat transfer 5. Void fraction and pressure drop in subcooled boiling 6. Saturated boiling heat transfer 7. Critical heat flux in forced convective flow - 1. Vertical uniformly heated tubes 8. Critical heat flux in forced convective flow - 2. More complex situations 9. Condensation 10. Conditions influencing the performance of boiling and condensing systems 11. Multi-component boiling and condensation Appendix Index
TL;DR: In this article, a new general correlation for forced convection boiling has been developed with the aid of a large data bank consisting of over 4300 data points for water, refrigerants and ethylene glycol, covering seven fluids and 28 authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a model to define the size range of active cavities as a function of wall temperature or heat flux, and showed that maximum and minimum sizes of effective cavities are functions of subcooling, pressure of the system, physical properties, and the thickness of the superheated liquid layer.
Abstract: The importance of surfare condition on nucleate boiling has long been recognized. It has also been known that only cavities of a narrow size range can be active nucleation sites. In order to define the size range of active cavities as a function of wall temperature or heat flux, a model is proposed. The model pictures a bubble nucleus at a site enveloped by a warm liquid. The nucleus will begin to grow into a bubble only when the surrounding liquid is sufficiently superheated. The time required for the liquid to attain this superheat is called the waiting period. The transfer of heat from the superheated liquid into the bubble is considered to be a transient conduction process. A cavity is considered effective only if the waiting period is finite. This criterion gives the limiting sizes of effective cavities. The equations show that maximum and minimum sizes of effective cavities are functions of subcooling, pressure of the system, physical properties, and the thickness of the superheated liquid layer. Comparison of theoretical prediction with experimental data from several sources was made. The fluids considered were ether, pentane, and water, with water under various degrees of subcooling. The theory did predict the incipience of boiling and size range of cavities successfully.
TL;DR: The authors showed that the eonvective term in the correlation should have a Prandtl number dependence and constructed an accurate predictive method with an explicit nucleate boiling term and without boiling number dependence.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical model is developed to describe the hydrodynamic behavior of the vapor-liquid interface of a bubble at the heater surface leading to the initiation of critical heat flux (CHF) condition.
Abstract: A theoretical model is developed to describe the hydrodynamic behavior of the vapor-liquid interface of a bubble at the heater surface leading to the initiation of critical heat flux (CHF) condition. The momentum flux resulting from evaporation at the bubble base is identified to be an important parameter. A model based on theoretical considerations is developed for upward-facing surfaces with orientations of 0 deg (horizontal) to 90 deg (vertical). It includes the surface-liquid interaction effects through the dynamic receding contact angle. The CHF in pool boiling for water, refrigerants and cryogenic liquids is correctly predicted by the model, and the parametric trends of CHF with dynamic receding contact angle and subcooling are also well represented