Abstract: Hydrogen-rich fuel for the gas turbines can be considered as a transient way from hydrocarbon fuel to zero-carbon hydrogen fuel. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) fired with a hydrogen-rich fuel obtained via various ways is performed to understand the effect of a transient to this fuel on the CO2 emission as well as the efficiency of a power plant. Hydrogen-rich fuel with different content of hydrogen is analyzed. Two types of hydrogen-rich fuel are considered: fuel obtained via methane dilution with hydrogen (hydrogen from internal fuel supply infrastructure) — first case; fuel obtained via steam methane reforming (on-board hydrogen production technology) — second case. The first case showed that hydrogen addition to methane non-linearly leads to a decrease in CO2: hydrogen-rich fuel with 20% of H2 volume fraction gives a reduction in CO2 emission of 7.2%; 50% of H2 gives 23.5% reduction; 75% of H2 gives 51.1% reduction. The second case is considering hydrogen-rich fuel obtained via steam methane reforming using a renewable energy source. Hydrogen volume fraction up to 75% in hydrogen-rich fuel can be obtained after the reforming process. When 100% of methane is reformed, the reduction in CO2 emission up to 27% can be achieved. The minimum achievable level in CO2 emission is 75.17 gCO2/kW for an on-board hydrogen production technology via steam methane reforming which is corresponding to a hydrogen-rich fuel obtained via H2 dilution up to 53%.

Abstract: Hydrogen (H2) is a possible energy transporter and feedstock for energy decarbonization, transportation, and chemical sectors while reducing global warming's consequences. The predominant commercial method for producing H2 today is steam methane reforming (SMR). However, there is still room for development in process intensification, energy optimization, and environmental concerns related to CO2 emissions. Reactors using metallic membranes (MRs) can handle both problems. Compared to traditional reactors, MRs operates at substantially lower pressures and temperatures. As a result, capital and operational costs may be significantly cheaper than traditional reactors. Furthermore, metallic membranes (MMs), particularly Pd and its alloys, naturally permit only H2 permeability, enabling the production of a stream with a purity of up to 99.999%. This review describes several methods for H2 production based on the energy sources utilized. SRM with CO2 capture and storage (CCUS), pyrolysis of methane, and water electrolysis are all investigated as process technologies. A debate based on a color code was also created to classify the purity of H2 generation. Although producing H2 using fossil fuels is presently the least expensive method, green H2 generation has the potential to become an affordable alternative in the future. From 2030 onward, green H2 is anticipated to be less costly than blue hydrogen. Green H2 is more expensive than fossil-based H2 since it uses more energy. Blue H2 has several tempting qualities, but the CCUS technology is pricey, and blue H2 contains carbon. At this time, almost 80-95% of CO2 can be stored and captured by the CCUS technology. Nanomaterials are becoming more significant in solving problems with H2 generation and storage. Sustainable nanoparticles, such as photocatalysts and bio-derived particles, have been emphasized for H2 synthesis. New directions in H2 synthesis and nanomaterials for H2 storage have also been discussed. Further, an overview of the H2 value chain is provided at the end, emphasizing the financial implications and outlook for 2050, i.e., carbon-free H2 and zero-emission H2.

Abstract: North American and European jurisdictions are considering repurposing natural gas infrastructure to deliver a lower carbon blend of natural gas and hydrogen; this paper evaluates the greenhouse gas reduction potential and cost-effectiveness of the repurposing. The analysis uses a bottom-up economy-wide energy-systems model of an emission-intensive jurisdiction, Alberta, Canada, to evaluate 576 long-term scenarios from 2026 to 2050. Many scenarios were included to give the analysis broad international applicability and differ by sector, hydrogen blending intensity, carbon policy, and hydrogen infrastructure development. Twelve hydrogen production technologies are compared in a long-term greenhouse gas and cost analysis, including advanced technologies. Autothermal reforming with carbon capture provides both lower-carbon and lower-cost hydrogen compared to most other technologies in most futures, even with high fugitive natural gas production emissions. Using hydrogen-natural gas blends for end-use energy applications eliminates 1–2% of economy-wide GHG emissions and marginal GHG abatement costs become negative at carbon prices over $300/tonne. The findings are useful for stakeholders expanding the international low-carbon hydrogen economy and governments engaged in formulating decarbonization policies and are considering hydrogen as an option.

Abstract: Abstract The metal-support interaction (MSI) in heterogeneous catalysts plays a crucial role in reforming reaction to produce renewable hydrogen, but conventional objects are limited to single metal and support. Herein, we report a type of RhNi/TiO 2 catalysts with tunable RhNi-TiO 2 strong bimetal-support interaction (SBMSI) derived from structure topological transformation of RhNiTi-layered double hydroxides (RhNiTi-LDHs) precursors. The resulting 0.5RhNi/TiO 2 catalyst (with 0.5 wt .% Rh) exhibits extraordinary catalytic performance toward ethanol steam reforming (ESR) reaction with a H 2 yield of 61.7%, a H 2 production rate of 12.2 L h −1 g cat −1 and a high operational stability (300 h), which is preponderant to the state-of-the-art catalysts. By virtue of synergistic catalysis of multifunctional interface structure (Rh-Ni δ − -O v -Ti 3+ ; O v denotes oxygen vacancy), the generation of formate intermediate (the rate-determining step in ESR reaction) from steam reforming of CO and CH x is significantly promoted on 0.5RhNi/TiO 2 catalyst, accounting for its ultra-high H 2 production.

Abstract: The paper presents a comprehensive review of the current status of integrated high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) and methanol steam reformer (MSR) systems. It highlights the advantages and limitations of the technology and outlines key areas for future improvement. A thorough discussion of novel reformer designs and optimizations aimed at improving the performance of the reformer, as well as different integrated MSR-HT-PEMFC system configurations are provided. The control strategies of the system operation and system diagnosis are also addressed, offering a complete picture of the integrated system design. The review revealed that several processes and components of the system should be improved to facilitate large-scale implementation of the MSR-HT-PEMFC systems. The lengthy system startup is one area that requires improvements. A structural design that is more compact without sacrificing performance is also required, which could possibly be achieved by recovering water from the fuel cell to fulfill MSR's water needs and consequently shrink the fuel tank. Reformer design should account for both heat transfer optimizations and reduced pressure drop to enhance the system's performance. Finally, research must concentrate on membrane materials for HT-PEMFC that can operate in the 200–300 °C temperature range and catalyst materials for more efficient MSR process at lower temperature should be investigated to improve the heat integration and overall system efficiency.

Abstract: Fossil fuel depletion, global warming, climate change, and steep hikes in the price of fuel are driving scientists to investigate commercial and environmentally friendly energy carriers like hydrogen. Steam methane reforming (SMR), a current commercial route for H2 production, has been considered the best remedy to fulfill the requirements. Despite the remarkable quantity of H2 produced by the SMR, this technology still faces major challenges such as catalyst deactivation due to the sintering of metal nanoparticles, coking, and generation of a large quantity of CO2. Firstly, the effects of catalyst types, kinetic models, and operating conditions on high-yield H2 production, the evolution path from gray to blue, via the conventional SMR are comprehensively reviewed. Secondly, exploiting intensified techniques such as membrane technology, sorption, fluidization, and chemical looping for SMR to blue H2 are discussed in detail. Further, a novel and sustainable path for the SMR process, hybridizing the use of novel materials and emerging technologies to produce turquoise H2, is proposed. Finally, the critical points for steam reforming process technology that can help leverage environmental, social, and governance (ESG) profiling have been discussed.

Abstract: Hydrogen production from CH4 greenhouse gas through steam methane reforming (SMR) is an essential and perfect process. In this study, Y-promoted Ni-based catalysts supported on Al2O3 were utilized in this process. The response surface method (RSM) based on optimum custom design was used to investigate the synthetic parameters for Ni-based catalyst and the operating conditions of the SMR process. Independent parameters such as reaction temperature (600, 650, and 700 °C), steam to CH4 (S/C) molar ratio (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5), Ni loading (5, 15, and 25 wt%), Y loading (0, 1.5, and 3.0 wt%), and type of support (hollow or bulk alumina) were chosen for evaluation and optimization of CH4 conversion and H2 yield utilizing RSM. The design expert software recommended two optimized catalysts for bulk and hollow structures; the best choice was 16.2 Ni-2.7Y/HS-Al at 690 °C and 3.4 S/C molar ratio for achieving the maximum CH4 conversion of 93.8% and H2 yield of 97.4%. The stability test was performed to compare the activity of optimized catalysts at their optimal temperature and S/C ratio experimentally, before and after which the synthesized catalysts were characterized via XRD, TPR, FESEM, EDX, N2 adsorption/desorption, and TPO techniques.

Abstract: Hydrogen (H2) and syngas (a mixture of H2 and carbon monoxide) can be thermochemically produced from various sources, such as fossil fuels, biomass, water, and solid wastes, via steam reforming, dry reforming, and partial oxidation. Hybrid filtration combustion (HFC) has been introduced to produce H2/syngas by gasifying solid fuels or by simultaneously reforming gaseous and solid fuels. This article presents a comprehensive review of HFC modeling, development of HFC reactors, industrial applications, and future directions. Until now, several mathematical models have been proposed and analytically and numerically solved with novel approaches to the relatively complex chemical kinetics found in these reactors. The HFC reactors for solid fuel gasification and simultaneous homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions have shown high temperatures in the reaction wave (900–2300 K) due to high heat recirculation inside. The geometry and orientation, hybrid porous bed composition, gasifying agent, and mode of operation are crucial parameters for optimizing the hydrogen and syngas yield. The various solid feedstocks studied include coal, biomass, and polyethylene, and the gasifying agents used are air, steam, carbon dioxide, and premixed air/fuel flows. At the industrial scale, HFC has been successfully implemented for producing hydrogen/syngas from municipal solid waste. The present review has revealed the promising potential of this technology as an energy-efficient and sustainable alternative to produce H2 and syngas from various solid and gaseous feedstocks.

Abstract: Faced with increasingly serious energy and global warming, it is critical to put forward an alternative non-carbonaceous fuel. In this regard, hydrogen appears as the ultimate clean fuel for power and heat generation, and as an important feedstock for various chemical and petrochemical industries. The chemical looping reforming (CLR) concept, is an emerging technique for the conversion of hydrocarbon fuels into high-quality hydrogen via the circulation of oxygen carriers which allows a decrease in CO2 emissions. In this review, a comprehensive evaluation and recent progress in glycerol, ethanol and methane reforming for hydrogen production are presented. The key elements for a successful CLR process are studied and the technical challenges to achieve high-purity hydrogen along with the possible solutions are also assessed. As product quality, cost and the overall efficiency of the process can be influenced by the oxygen carrier materials used, noteworthy attention is given to the most recent development in this field. The use of Ni, Fe, Cu, Ce, Mn and Co-based material as potential oxygen carriers under different experimental conditions for hydrogen generation from different feedstock by CLR is discussed. Furthermore, the recent research conducted on the sorption-enhanced reforming process is reviewed and the performance of the various type of CO2 sorbents such as CaO, Li2ZrO3 and MgO is highlighted.