TL;DR: In this article, the influence of geometry and scan pattern on the microstructure evolution and magnetic performance of additively manufactured Fe-3Si components was investigated, and a novel cross-section design based on the Hilbert space filling curve was found to produce the lowest power losses.
Abstract: The influence of geometry and scan pattern on the microstructure evolution and magnetic performance of additively manufactured Fe-3Si components was investigated. To reduce eddy current losses, novel geometries were designed and built and the microstructure and properties of these samples were characterized. The laser scan pattern was shown to strongly influence both the as-built grain structure and strength of the crystallographic texture, resulting in measurable changes in the as-built magnetic performance. In thin wall samples, heat treatment resulted in an increase in the maximum relative magnetic permeability and decrease in power losses in most samples, consistent with grain growth. However, decreases in the spacing between thin walls to increase the stacking factor of the cross-section was shown to result in unwanted electrical shorting between walls and an increase in eddy current losses. Compared to simple parallel plate construction and a mesh structure, a novel cross-section design based on the Hilbert space filling curve was found to produce the lowest power losses. The mechanisms behind these results were explored using a combination of heat conduction and electromagnetic simulations, providing a route for future component and process optimization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reveal a key structural factor on PY excimer formation in solids, and also provide a better understanding of the structure-property relationship between the PY dimer structure and fluorescence property.
Abstract: In order to facilitate pyrene (PY) excimer formation in solids, several imidazole-containing PY derivatives were designed and synthesized. Among them, a new compound 1,4,5-triphenyl-2-(pyren-1-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (IM-PY) was achieved with two crystalline polymorphs (crystal-G and crystal-B), both of which presented PY dimer stacking. One crystal showed green PY excimer emission while the other one exhibited blue monomer emission, despite their similar π–π stacking of PY dimers. Both experimental and theoretical investigations revealed the nature of this distinct emission: the dimer in crystal-B had a smaller overlap area of π–π stacking than that in crystal-G, which substantially hindered PY excimer formation in crystal-B. Through the analysis of PY-based excimer from a series of samples, the π–π overlap area of PY dimer plays a more crucial role in the formation of an excimer than interplanar π–π distance in crystals. This work not only reveals a key structural factor on PY excimer formation in solids, but also provides us with a better understanding of the structure–property relationship between the PY dimer structure and fluorescence property.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive computer-aided design procedure for an axial-flux permanent magnet brushless dc (PM BLDC) motor having a stator sandwiched between two permanent magnet rotors is presented.
Abstract: In this paper, a comprehensive computer-aided design (CAD) procedure for an axial-flux permanent magnet brushless dc (PM BLDC) motor having a stator sandwiched between two permanent magnet rotors is presented. The basic output equations are derived and used for the design algorithm. The developed CAD program gives the design data and the calculated performances of the motor. The optimized ratio of outer diameter to the inner diameter is used to derive the sizing equation. The design variables such as airgap flux density, slot electric loading, winding factor, stacking factor, stator current density, slot space factor, magnet fraction, slot fraction, flux density in the stator back iron, etc., are assumed. Three different motors or rating 70 W, 2.2 kW, and 20 kW are designed using the developed program, and then three dimensional finite-element analyses are carried out to validate the designs
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of the crystal structures of benzoylacetonato- (1), p-toluylacetonatos- (2) and p-ethylbenzoylacanetonatoboron (3) difluoride was carried out, and correlation of the luminescence properties of the complexes 1 and 3 and their crystal structures was revealed.
Abstract: The comparative study of the crystal structures of benzoylacetonato- (1), p-toluylacetonato- (2) and p-ethylbenzoylacetonatoboron (3) difluoride was carried out. Correlation of the luminescence properties of the complexes 1–3 and their crystal structures was revealed. The excimer formation in these compounds occurred the most efficiently for the complexes 1 characterized by the formation of stacks of molecules, unlike the complex 3, where individual dimers behaved as excimer-forming centers. The maximal fluorescence intensity was observed for the complex 2, which had the highest structural ordering.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of a radial flux machine (RFM) and a transverse flux machines (TFM) for a traction application in two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3-dimensional) models.
Abstract: Analytical estimations and verified simulation models both in two dimension (2-D) and three dimension (3-D) are used to compare loss calculations of a radial flux machine (RFM) and a transverse flux machine (TFM) for a traction application. The analysis highlights the importance of a dense mesh and a high number of time steps when calculating core and magnet loss with an finite element method (FEM) program. It also shows the practical handling of loss modeling in 2-D and 3-D, including a stacking factor for the core lamination and magnet segmentation, and it is recommended that one is careful when comparing losses from 2-D and 3-D models. The TFM is shown to have much higher magnet loss compared with the RFM, although the TFM magnet design (with ring magnets) makes segmentation very effective.