Spiniger

Abstract: During a faunistic survey in the Pieniny and Tatra Mountains three species of Echiniscidae new to Poland, including one new to science, were found. Bryodelphax instabilis sp. nov. is characterised by an instable number of ventral plates, deep faceting of the scapular plate, having dorsal plates covered either with pseudopores or pores, and striking sexual dimorphism. Two first records, namely Echiniscus militaris and E. spiniger , are rare taxa of upland-mountain character, which have already been reported from a few European countries since the original description at the beginning of the XX th century. The interspecific appendage length variability and development of pedal plates in the spinulosus group, to which E. spiniger belongs, and their taxonomic importance is discussed. Notes relating to sexual dimorphism within the newly recorded Pseudechiniscus facettalis , are also presented. Echiniscus testudo is reported from the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains for the first time. Succeeding findings confirm the high tardigrade α-diversity in the Polish mountain ranges. An amended key for Polish Heterotardigrada is provided.

Abstract: During a short period, wild chimpanzees of group K in the Mahale Mountains employ a set of several techniques, including tool use, to feed on one species of termite (Pseudacanthotermes spiniger). They appear to use each technique appropriately according to phenological changes in the prey insect’s activities. The chimpanzees also ingest small pieces of soil from the tower of P. spiniger’s mound throughout the year. Geophagy presumably makes them visually and tactually aware of the phenological changes of the termite’s reproductive cycle. Analyses of fecal samples from the chimpanzees indicate interannual fluctuations in the amount of termites ingested. On the other hand, the chimpanzees of group B, ranging to the north of group K, utilize a fishing technique to obtain another type of termite (Macrotermes ?herus) on a large scale during the first half of the wet season. Fecal analysis data show that chimpanzees of group B consume far more termites than those of group K. The probability that the same or similar tool-using techniques as fishing may be employed in feeding on different types of insects by chimpanzees of different unit groups according to subtle local differences in the insect fauna of their home ranges is discussed.

Abstract: -We redescribe Physalaemus spiniger and describe its tadpole and its reproductive modes. This species has the following three alternative reproductive modes: (1) foam nest on pond and feeding tadpoles in pond (the typical mode for the genus Physalaemus); (2) foam nest on humid places on the forest floor near a pond, and feeding tadpoles in pond; (3) foam nest on water accumulated on the axils of terrestrial bromeliads and feeding tadpoles in pond. These last two modes were not included in the reviews of reproductive modes in anurans. The vocalizations of P? spiniger are described and compared with the vocalizations of P nanus, a sibling species. Miranda-Ribeiro (1926) described Engystomops spinigera from Iguape, Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, attributing the specific name to Boulenger because the specimens were so identified in the collection of the Museu Paulista (currently Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo). However, Boulenger never described Engystomops (=Physalaemus) spinigera and accordingly the short account by MirandaRibeiro (1926) serves as the original description. The specific name Engystomops spinigera was apparently forgotten and ignored by subsequent authors (e.g., Cochran, 1955; Bokermann, 1966a; Lynch, 1970; Frost, 1985; Heyer and Wolf, 1989; Duellman, 1993). Lynch (1970) recognized four species groups in the genus Physalaemus: P biligonigerus group, P cuvieri group, P pustulosus group, and P signifer group; P deimaticus and P rupestris are not presently allocated to any species group (Sazima and Caramaschi, 1986; Caramaschi et al., 1991). Ten species are presently allocated to the Physalaemus signifer group (Pom3Present Address: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil, E-mail: haddad@life.ibrc.unesp.br i i (1926) described Engystoa o Iguape, Sao Paulo State, azil, attributing the specific l er because the specimens were bal and Madureira, 1997): P bokermanni Cardoso and Haddad, P caete Pombal and Madureira, P crombiei Heyer and Wolf, P maculiventris (A. Lutz), P moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro), P nanus (Boulenger), P obtectus Bokermann, P olfersii (Lichtenstein and Martens), P signifer (Girard), and P spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro). In recent years we collected and observed specimens of P spiniger at several localities in southern and southeastern Brazil. Herein, we redescribe this species and its tadpole. The vocalizations are described and compared with the vocalizations of P nanus, a sibling species. Also, we provide information on reproduction, including two new reproductive modes for anurans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens used in the description or examined for comparisons are deposited in AL-MN (Adolpho Lutz collection, deposited in Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil), CFBH (Celio F B. Haddad collection, deposited in Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil), MNRJ (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil), MZUSP (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil), WCAB (Werner C.A. Bokl and Madureira, 1997): P bokermanni Cardoso 557 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.117 on Sun, 23 Oct 2016 04:38:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms C. F. B. HADDAD AND J. P. POMBAL, JR. FIG. 1. Physalaemus spiniger, an adult male in life from Ilha do Cardoso, Canan6ia, SP, Brazil. ermann collection, deposited in Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil), ZUEC (Museu de Hist6ria Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil). Additional specimens examined are listed in Appendix 1. Abbreviations used in the measurements of the adults are SVL (snout-vent length), HL (head length), HW (head width), ED (eye diameter), THL (thigh length), TBL (tibia length), and FL (foot length). All measurements are expressed in millimeters. The measurements of the adults follow Duellman (1970) and Cei (1980). Measured adult specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and maintained in 70% ethyl alcohol. Eggs and tadpoles were fixed and maintained in 5% formalin. For measurements we used an ocular micrometer in a Zeiss stereomicroscope, except that SVL was measured with calipers. Drawings of the adult and tadpole were made using a Zeiss stereomicroscope with a drawing tube. Vocalizations were recorded using a Nagra E tape recorder with a Sennheiser ME 80 microphone at a tape speed of 19 cm/s. The sonagrams were produced by a Macintosh computer coupled to the MacRecorded Sound System 2.0.5, using 8 bit resolution, 22 kHz sampling frequency, and FFT with 256 points. RESULTS Diagnosis and Comparison with other Species.A species belonging to the Physalaemus signifer group (sensu Lynch, 1970), characterized by (1) small size (males 17.1-21.3 mm SVL, females 20.6-22.0 mm SVL); (2) canthus rostralis distinct; (3) dorsal skin texture smooth to rugose; (4) belly orange in life; (5) structure of the advertisement call. Physalaemus spiniger is distinguished from P caete, P moreirae, P obtectus, and P olfersii by its smaller size (combined SVL of males ranging 22.5-34.5 mm; Bokermann, 1966b; Heyer, 1985; Heyer and Wolf, 1989; Heyer et al., 1990; Pombal and Madureira, 1997). By its larger size and distinct advertisement call, P spiniger differs from P bokermanni (P bokermanni males with 15.3-17.0 mm SVL; see Cardoso and Haddad, 1985). Physalaemus spiniger differs from P signifer by smoother dorsal skin (more rugose in P signifer), larger black spot on the inguinal glands, and smaller mean length (P signifer males with SVL = 20.1-22.4, x = 21.7, SD = 0.7, N = 20). Physalae us spiniger differs from P crombiei by the orange belly (pinkish in P crombiei; Heyer and Wolf, 1989) and distinct advertisement call (see below and Heyer and Wolf, 1989). Physalaemus spiniger differs from P maculiventris by wider 558

Abstract: Two new species of palpigrades are described: a soil-dwelling species of the genus Koeneniodes Silvestri, 1913 from a broadleaf forest in Tibet and an extraordinary cave-dwelling species from Jinhua cave in China belonging to Prokoenenia Borner, 1901. Koeneniodes tibetanus sp. n. is related to Koeneniodes spiniger from Thailand. The two species share the presence of four thick and spiniform setae on the second lobe of the female genitalia; they differ in the number of thick setae on opisthosomal sternite IV, the number of cheliceral teeth, the coxal setal formula, and the morphology of the spiniform setae. Prokoenenia sarcodactylica sp. n. is based on an immature female from Jinhua Cave, Beijing. The presence of 18 finger-shaped blades in the lateral organs—unique among palpigrades –, the large body size (2150 μm) and the extremely long basitarsus IV (205 μm) indicate that the new species is the first undoubtedly cave–adapted Prokoenenia. This is also the first record of the genus Prokoenenia from China.