Abstract: (1990). Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids. Journal of Modern Optics: Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1149-1150.

Abstract: Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and versatile techniques now available for the study of molecular structure and reaction mechanisms. Written by recognised experts in the field, this classic account of modern NMR spectroscopy was heralded on its first publication in 1987 as "the lasting text of its age" Nature. Now available in paperback, it provides a thoroughly comprehensive review of modern NMR techniques and the underlying principles. It describes the study of solutions and solids using one- and two-dimensional spectroscpy, providing both a solid theoretical foundation and a description of practical procedures. The material is presented in an intuitive manner within a rigorous mathematical framework, and is extensively illustrated throughout. This important work was written at the ETH in Zurich, one of the world's leading institutions in advanced NMR methods, which has played a key role in the development of Fourier spectroscopy, two-dimensional spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform NMR imaging. Available in paperback for the first time, the book provides the definitive account of the field, and is without question "a must.....for every self-respecting NMR spectroscopist" Journal of Magnetic Resonance.

Abstract: A novel concept in vibrational spectroscopy called two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy is described. In 2D IR, a spectrum defined by two independent wavenumbers is generated by a cross-correlation analysis of dynamic fluctuations of IR signals induced by an external perturbation. 2D IR spectra are especially suited for elucidating various chemical interactions among functional groups. Notable features of the 2D IR approach are: simplification of complex spectra consisting of many overlapped peaks; enhancement of spectral resolution by spreading peaks over the second dimension; and establishment of unambiguous assignments through correlation analysis of bands selectively coupled by various interaction mechanisms. The procedure for generating 2D IR correlation spectra and the properties of the 2D spectra are discussed in detail. Examples of 2D IR spectra are presented for atactic polystyrene and the proteinacious component of human stratum corneum to demonstrate the utility of this technique.

Abstract: The authors report on the further physical and chemical characterization of the new forms of molecular carbon, C{sub 60} and C{sub 70}. Results demonstrate a high yield of production (14%) under optimized conditions and reveal only C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} in measurable quantity, in an 85:15 ratio. These two new molecular forms of carbon can be completely separated in analytical amounts by column chromatography on alumina. Comparison among mass spectra obtained by the electron impact, laser desorption, and fast atom bombardment (FAB) methods allows a clear assessment of the composition of the mixed and pure samples, and of the fragmentation and double ionization patterns of the molecules. In addition, spectroscopic analyses are reported for the crude mixture by {sup 13}C NMR and by IR spectroscopy in KBr pellet, and for pure C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} in solution by UV-vis spectroscopy.

Abstract: THE natural fluorescence properties of sea water provide a means of elucidating the complex chemical composition and diverse sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sea water1–6. The positions of excitation and emission maxima for a wide range of natural water samples show remarkable similarity7. High-sensitivity fluorescence spectroscopic studies8 have shown recently that emission maxima for marine and coastal waters differ by 20 nm when the excitation wavelength is 313 nm. Here we present evidence from three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy that at least three fluorophores are present in waters of the Black Sea. Distinct changes in the relative abundance of these fluorophores are observed as a function of depth. We suggest that three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between different types and sources of DOM in natural waters. These findings may have important applications in the field of remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments. For example, a better understanding of the sources of DOM components will help in correcting9,10 remotely sensed data for the presence of gelbstoff (yellow-coloured DOM11, which plays an important part in radiation absorption by surface waters).

Abstract: The Nature of Light. Polarization Properties of Light. Devices for Control of Polarized Light. Introduction to the Jones Calculus, Mueller Calculus and Poincare Sphere. The Jones Calculus, Mueller Calculus and Poincare Sphere Revisited. Spectroscopy with Polarized Light. Orientation and Photoselection Effects. Polarized Light in Condensed Phases. Appendixes. Index.

Abstract: A discussion is presented of diagnostic and dosimetric optical measurements in medicine and biology. Topics covered include: tissue optical properties, tissue boundary conditions, and invasive versus noninvasive measurements. Clinical applications of therapeutic dosimetry and diagnostic spectroscopy are discussed. The principles of diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements are presented. Experimental studies illustrate reflectance spectroscopy and steady-state versus time-resolved measurements. >

Abstract: Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy has been utilized to characterize the structure of porous silica gel films, both deposited on c‐Si substrates and free standing. The films were either dried at room temperature or subjected to partial densification at 400–450 °C. The spectra of the gel films are compared to those of thermal SiO2 grown on c‐Si and to Kramers–Kronig analysis of the reflection spectra of bulk SiO2 gels and v‐SiO2. The gel films show small frequency shifts compared to the latter spectra and they also exhibit new bands due to the presence of OH groups, although very little molecular water or residual organic species were found. The results are interpreted in terms of the gel structure. Compared to the thermal oxide, the sharp peak near 1070 cm−1 is narrower for the gels and the spread in intertetrahedral angles is estimated at 24° and 27° for room temperature dried and partially densified gels, respectively, compared to 33° for the thermal oxide. This is in agreement with a st...

Abstract: A method is presented that dramatically improves the resolution of protein nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra by increasing their dimensionality to four. The power of this technique is demonstrated by the application of four-dimensional carbon-13--nitrogen-15 (13C-15N)--edited nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy to interleukin-1 beta, a protein of 153 residues. The NOEs between NH and aliphatic protons are first spread out into a third dimension by the 15N chemical shift of the amide 15N atom and subsequently into a fourth dimension by the 13C chemical shift of the directly bonded 13C atoms. By this means ambiguities in the assignment of NOEs between NH and aliphatic protons that are still present in the three-dimensional 15N-edited NOE spectrum due to extensive chemical shift overlap and degeneracy of aliphatic resonances are completely removed. Consequently, many more approximate interproton distance restraints can be obtained from the NOE data than was heretofore possible, thereby expanding the horizons of three-dimensional structure determination by NMR to larger proteins.

Abstract: Ultrafast optical spectroscopy using laser pulses as short as 6 femtoseconds provides a novel probe for molecular nuclear motions ( l , 2). Since the duration of such pulses is comparable to or shorter than typical molecular vibrational periods ( 1 0 fsec is the period of a 3300 cm -1 vibration), these pulses make it possible to probe molecular vibrations and elementary photophysical and photochemical events in real time. Femtosecond dynamics and relaxation studies have been carried out in solutions (39a,b), neat liquids ( 1 01 3), conjugated polymers ( 1 41 5), proteins and biological systems ( 1 6-1 7), crystals (I 8a-c) , surfaces ( 1 9a,b), semi­ conductors (20-21 ), molecular aggregates (22-23), the hydrated electron (24a-c), isolated molecules in supersonic beams (25-26), and the gas phase (27a,b). Femtosecond nonlinear optical measurements have numerous unique advantages. Consider, for example, the simplest ultrafast spectro­ scopic technique: pump-probe spectroscopy (4-6, 25a-c). Tn this technique the system is subjected to two short pulses separated by a time delay r. The first pulse (the pump pulse) has a frequency OJ 1 and the absorption of

Abstract: 1 Elementary description of NMR 2 Epitome of quantum mechanics 3 Spin and magnetic moment 4 Quantum statistical mechanics 5 Quantum description of NMR 6 Generalities on 2D spectroscopy 7 J Spectroscopy 8 Shift correlation spectroscopy 9 Multiple quantum coherence and applications 10 Fundamentals of relaxation theory

Abstract: The plume dynamics for excimer laser ablation of Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O in an O2 atmosphere have been studied using streak photography and spectroscopy. At pressures ≳1 mbar the expansion resembles a blast wave driven by the ablation products with mixing and reaction at the contact surface. A simple model for the plume range is developed which shows agreement with experiments.

Abstract: Regional in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides quantitative data on selected chemical constituents of brain. We imaged 16 volunteers with clinically definite multiple sclerosis on a 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance scanner to define plaque-containing volumes of interest, and obtained localized water-suppressed proton spectra using a stimulated echo sequence. Twenty-five of 40 plaque-containing regions provided spectra of adequate quality. Of these, 8 spectra from 6 subjects were consistent with the presence of cholesterol or fatty acids; the remainder were similar to those obtained from white matter of normal volunteers. This early experience with regional proton spectroscopy suggests that individual plaques are distinct. These differences likely reflect dynamic stages of the evolution of the demyelinative process not previously accessible to in vivo investigation.

Abstract: A theory for ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy of large polyatomic molecules in condensed phases is developed. A multimode Brownian oscillator model is used to account for high-frequency molecular vibrations and local intermolecular modes as well as collective solvent motions. A semiclassical picture is provided using the density matrix in Liouville space. The pump field creates a doorway state that propagates for a specified time interval, and the spectrum is calculated by finding its overlap with a window state, prepared by the probe pulse. The doorway and the window states are wave packets in phase space. For high-frequency modes and with long pulses they are expanded in the vibronic eigenstates, whereas for low-frequency modes and with impulsive pulses the Wigner (phase-space) representation is more adequate. Conditions for the observation of quantum beats, spectral diffusion, and solvation dynamics (dynamical Stokes shift) are specified.

Abstract: In the present paper, laser spectroscopy was used to evaluate the utility of a new fluorochrome, carboxyseminaphthorhodafluor-1 (Snarf-1), for single excitation-dual emission ratio measurement of i...

Abstract: The laboratory use of computers laboratory balances organic elemental analysis continuous-flow analysis atomic emission spectroscopy atomic absorption and flame emission spectrometry ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared spectrophotometries molecular fluorescence and phosphorescence rotational and vibrational spectroscopy x-ray methods photoacoustic spectroscopy techniques of chiroptical spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance electon paramagnetic resonance x-ray

Abstract: Diatomic nickel–copper, NiCu, has been investigated by resonant two‐photon ionization spectroscopy in a jet‐cooled molecular beam Six band systems have been identified over the range 11 500–16 500 cm−1 The ground state of NiCu has been determined to be X 2Δ5/2, with ω‘e =27301±115 cm−1, ω″ex‘e =100±038 cm−1, and r″e =2233±0006 A This state derives from a strongly bound (205±010 eV) 3d10Cu3d9Ni 4sσ2 configuration Excited states observed in this work derive from the more weakly bound 3d10Cu3d8Ni 4sσ24sσ*1 configuration, and are characterized by smaller vibrational frequencies (191–208 cm−1) and a longer bond length (2351±0005 A) than the ground X 2Δ5/2 state

Abstract: Temperatures have been measured in a laminar premixed propane–air diffusion flame using degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) of the OH radical. The spectra were recorded simultaneously with laser-induced fluorescence through the (0, 0) band of the OH A2Σ–X2II transition. Individual rotational lines are more clearly resolved in the DFWM spectrum than in the laser-induced fluorescence spectrum, although both are power broadened at laser intensities of 1–2 MW/cm2 at 307 nm. Rotational temperatures have been determined from the DFWM spectra and are in close agreement with temperatures measured with coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of nitrogen.

Abstract: Alongside the numerous applications of NMR spectroscopy to structural elucidation in analytical chemistry, and to biochemical and morphological studies by NMR tomography, NMR microscopy makes possible a whole new range of applications. These include imaging, the investigation of biological objects such as plants and small animals, and also the observation of microscopic structures and structural changes in polymers and ceramics. NMR spectroscopy can also be conducted combinationally as volume-selective spectroscopy, whereby it is possible to spatially resolve the NMR-specific parameters: spin density ϱ, chemical shifts δ, and the relaxation times T1 and T2. The numerous well developed methods available make it possible to study dynamic processes by fast imaging with a temporal resolution in milliseconds. This not only allows the imaging of moving objects without incurring movement artefacts but also the measurement of diffusion constants in isotropic and anisotropic diffusion—in the latter case allowing, in principle, the determination of the complete diffusion tensor. The spatially resolved measurement of the relaxation times yields information on molecular mobility and bonding, e. g. the bonding of water, or other solvents, to polymers, the mobility of fluids in polymers or ceramics, or the three-dimensional evaluation of pore size in porous materials. In biomedicine, NMR microscopy allows the observation of growth on the cellular level, the study of embryos, and the development of therapeutic methods in animal experiments. It can lead to a drastic reduction in the number of animal experiments, and in combination with volume-selective spectroscopy gives valuable information on in-vivo metabolism.

Abstract: We report the first observation of GaAs/AlGaAs compound multilayers and interfaces at atomic scale resolution. Using a scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic registry in the epitaxial layers and their interfaces was observed. The semiconductor band gaps and valence‐band offsets relative to the Fermi level are obtained via local spectroscopy in the GaAs and AlGaAs multilayers.

Abstract: Descriptions are given of the methods of separated and successive oscillatory fields and of the atomic hydrogen maser. Their applications to precision spectroscopy of atoms and molecules are discussed along with specific examples of fundamental measurements best made with such devices. The applications of these methods to atomic clocks are discussed. A discussion is also given of fundamental experiments which require highly stable clocks. >

Abstract: The gas phase vibrational overtone spectrum of propane is measured using conventional near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the ΔvCH=2–5 regions and intracavity dye laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (IDL‐PAS) for the ΔvCH=5 and 6 regions. The peaks are assigned in terms of the local mode model. Experimental oscillator strengths are compared to values calculated for the CH‐stretching components of the spectrum. The calculations use a harmonically coupled, anharmonic oscillator local mode model to obtain the vibrational wave functions, and ab initio MO calculations at the SCF level with a 6‐31G* basis set to obtain the dipole moment function. The importance of intermanifold coupling is explored. The calculations can account for the fall‐off in intensity with increasing v, and can give a reasonably quantitative account of the relative intensities of the individual peaks within a given vibrational manifold. The questions of the relative intensities of primary and secondary CH bonds, and of the relative intensities of different methyl CH bonds are also explored.