Showing papers on "Soil compaction published in 1983"
TL;DR: Ren et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the effect of grazing on soil bulk densities on shortgrass prairie in northeastern Colorado and concluded that soil compaction from grazing occurred primarily on fine-textured soils on the study site.
Abstract: Soil bulk densities were measured on 2 soil groups under 3 grazing intensities on shortgrass prairie in northeastern Colorado. On coarse-textured soils, soil bulk density means of the 3 grazing treatments were not significantly different. On fine-textured soils, average bulk density in the heavily grazed pasture was 13.4% and 11.8% higher than the lightly grazed and moderately grazed pastures, respectively. For both soil groups combined, bulk density on the heavily grazed pasture was only 6% higher than on the lightly grazed pasture. A significant grazing intensity X soil texture interaction was present, indicating that soil compaction from grazing occurred primarily on fine-textured soils on the study site. Interest in rangeland hydrology, particularly the effects of grazing on soil and water processes, has intensified during the past several years. The potential for soil compaction is an especially important concern of wildland managers. Several reviews (Gifford and Hawkins 1976, American Society of Civil Engineers 1975, Heady et al. 1976) and a recent book (Branson et al. 198 1) have summarized the literature on the subject of rangeland hydrology. These reviews all offer conclusive evidence that trampling and vegetation removal by grazing animals influence surface watershed characteristics and runoff potential. Soil compaction has important hydrologic implications in terms of reduced infiltration rates, impacts on plant growth, and increases in runoff and erosion potentials (Orr 1975, Gifford et al. 1977). Lull ( 1959) made a thorough review of soil compaction on forest and rangelands. He calculated the static ground pressures exerted by mature cattle to be 24 lb per square inch. However, during movement pressures may exceed this amount by 4X as the animal's weight is distributed from one hoof to another. Lull cited several studies that showed significantly increased bulk densities under heavy grazing. Later, Reed and Peterson (1961) found significantly higher bulk densities under heavy grazing compared to light grazing on both sandy loam and clay sites in the Northern Great Plains. In a study also conducted on the Northern Great Plains, Rauzi and Hanson (1966) found that differences between bulk densities of silty clay soils on heavily, moderately, and lightly grazed pastures were all highly significant. In a study in northeastern Utah, Laycock and Conrad (1967) found no measurable compaction due to grazing on loam and clay loam soils, and concluded that conflicting results from bulk density studies are due to varying soil and moisture conditions. They stressed that bulk density was significantly correlated with soil-water content and warned that soilwater conditions should be as homogeneous as possible when bulk density is used to compare effects of grazing treatments on soil Author is hydrologist, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, Colorado 80225. The data collection portion of the research reported here were supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant GB-F824 to the U.S. IBP Grassland Biome Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Manuscript received September 1, 1981. compaction. As pointed out by Lull (1959), more force is needed to compact a dry soil than to compact the same soil when wet. According to Reynolds and Packer (1963) soils with large clay fractions compact the easiest. Lull (1959) concluded that mediumtextured and well-aggregated soils had the potential for the greatest compaction because of well distributed particle-size distributions. None of the studies reviewed by the author attempted to analyze soil bulk density variance on the basis of both soil texture and grazing intensity. However, Lull (1959) did refer to a possible interaction between soil texture and compaction potential. Galbraith (1971), in a study also conducted at the Central Plains Experimental Range, reported finding a significant bulk density difference between nongrazed and heavily grazed sites on the Ascalon soil series. The heavily grazed sites showed a 12% increase in bulk density over the nongrazed sites. The objective of this paper was to explore the effect on soil bulk density of three different grazing intensities and two soil groups. Study Area and Methods Description of Study Area This study was conducted at the Central Plains Experimental Range near Nudin, Colo., approximately 45 miles northeast of Fort Collins, Colo. (Fig. 1). Average annual precipitation for the Central Plains Experimental Range is 12 inches. The major soils on the study area included Ascalon sandy loam, Shingle loam, ShingleRenohill complex, Renohill sandy loam, and Nunn loam. Vegetation on the study site is characterized by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), which are the dominant forage grasses. Red threeawn (Aristida longiseta) and other common mesic grasses are scattered throughout the lightly and moderately grazed pastures. Annual and perennial forbs are also found throughout the study area, but comprise only a minor part of the flora. This study was concentrated in 3 adjacent pastures, each 320 acres in size. Cattle stocking rates averaged 4.1, 3.1, and 1.8 acres per yearling heifer per month for the lightly, moderately, and heavily grazed pastures, respectively, for 30 consecutive years prior to this study. Season of use was approximately May 1 to October 31 (Dyck and Bement 1971). Sampling Procedures In each pasture, a single straight-line transect was located perpendicular to the main axis of the dry swales and located in such a way that each transect crossed all the major soil types in that pasture (Fig. 2). Sampling points were spaced 25 m apart on each of the transects, resulting in approximately 20 samples per transect. Bulk density sampling was performed in midsummer when the soil surface was uniformly dry across all soil types and all grazing treatments. The soil bulk density samples were collected by means of a truck-mounted hydraulic coring device with a specially designed 586 JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 36(5), September 1983 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.101 on Thu, 21 Apr 2016 06:04:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
112 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of wheel-induced compaction on fine-textured soils were investigated and some research needs remain, especially with respect to residue placement, to minimize the detrimental effects.
Abstract: Soil compaction caused by wheel traffic during planting and harvesting cannot be eliminated regardless of tillage system. Compaction during planting can cause increased runoff and soil erosion. Subsoil compaction during harvesting can cause poor internal drainage, delayed planting, loss of nitrogen, and lower yields. These problems are due in part to incomplete amelioration by natural forces over winter and may be amplified by some conservation tillage systems. In particular, continued use of no-till may not be feasible on fine-textured soils. Ways exist to minimize the detrimental effects of wheel-induced compaction, but some research needs remain, especially with respect to residue placement.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a relationship between cone penetrometer index and yield was found to indicate a trend toward lower yield with higher index values with continuous no-till having the highest index.
Abstract: CONTINUOUS use of no-till planting systems may result in reduced yields, especially on finer textured soils that tend to be poorly drained. Soil compaction and poor soil aeration have been identified as possible factors contributing to the lower yields. Research conducted to evaluate tillage rotations on these soils shows that periodic use of the moldboard plow can result in statistically higher yields as compared to continuous no-till. However, use of chisel plow and disk tillage systems following three years of continuous no-till did not result in yield increases. A relationship between cone penetrometer index and yield indicates a trend toward lower yield with higher index values with continuous no-till having the highest index.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study was made of the effects of seedbed compaction and use of fertiliser (application rate, placement, and the choice of ammonium or nitrate forms of nitrogen) on the availability of manganese to barley in light soils in East Scotland.
Abstract: A study was made of the effects of seedbed compaction and use of fertiliser (application rate, placement, and the choice of ammonium or nitrate forms of nitrogen) on the availability of manganese to barley in light soils in East Scotland. Generally, the uptake of manganese by the plants was increased by increasing the amount of fertiliser applied and by compaction of the seedbed, although no significant increase in extractable soil manganese was detected. The increase in uptake from wheel-tracks (where the compression had resulted in an element of fertiliser placement), compared with nonwheeled areas, was much greater than the effect due to overall plot compaction by tractor wheels in the absence of a fertiliser placement effect. Combine-drilling of fertiliser with the seed resulted in large increases in plant uptake of manganese in non-wheeled areas, compared with uptake where the fertiliser had been broadcast, but had no significant effect in the wheel-tracks where growth and uptake were generally better. In some, but not all, experiments, significant reductions in pH occurred in the soil beneath the wheel-tracks which were very closely correlated with increases in extractable manganese. Use of ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source also reduced the pH, compared with calcium nitrate, and this, too, increased extractable manganese and greatly improved plant growth. The probable cause of enhanced manganese availability was soil acidification brought about by nitrification of ammonium fertiliser and/or by H+ ion secretion by roots to balance the uptake of ammonium and other cations. The uptake of manganese by the plant was further improved either through concentration of fertiliser in the root zone by placement, or by soil compaction which resulted in shallow sowing of seed and a closer active relationship between roots and broadcast fertiliser. Other possible factors involved were (a) a greater exudation by roots of compounds able to dissolve insoluble manganese, in compacted soil; (b) contact reduction processes; (c) stimulation of root growth, leading to more efficient uptake by the plant, where higher rates of fertiliser were used or where the fertiliser was concentrated in localised zones in the soil.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, mathematical models describing theoretical ground pressure distributions along the tracks of tracked logging vehicles and on the bottom of the tires of wheeled logging vehicles were developed and presented in order to reduce soil compaction caused by ground-based logging vehicles.
Abstract: EFFORTS to reduce soil compaction caused by ground-based logging vehicles have largely ignored ground pressure distribution. Therefore, mathematical models describing theoretical pressure distributions along the bottom of the tracks of tracked logging vehicles and on the bottom of the tires of wheeled logging vehicles were developed and are presented here. Once the log skidding resistance is assumed, the pressure distribution of a loaded vehicle operated under constant velocity and direction may be estimated. Because soil compaction is related to applied pressure, the theoretical ground pressure distributions determined from these mathematical models more precisely describe a vehicle's soil compaction potential than an average unloaded vehicle pressure.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that the irrigation requirement was 2295 mm with ordinary ploughing compared with 1350 mm with soil compaction, and that the ratio of total biological yield (grain + straw + weeds) to total nutrient (N+P+K) uptake was 59.0 compared with 53.5 with puddling once and 50.0 with conventional plowing.
Abstract: Dry soil bulk density increased from 1.42 g/cm 3 with ordinary ploughing to 1.69 g/cm 3 with puddling twice and to 1.80 g/cm 3 with soil compaction. Consequently, saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased from 113 mm/day with ordinary ploughing to 48 mm/day with puddling twice and to 29 mm/day with soil compaction. The irrigation requirement was 2295 mm with ordinary ploughing compared with 1350 mm with soil compaction. Dry weight of weeds was only 0.6 and 0.7 t/ha with puddling twice and soil compaction, respectively, and 3.9 t/ha with ordinary ploughing. The highest grain yield of rice (4.5 t/ha) was obtained with puddling twice, due to effective weed control. Weeds shared 57 and 35% of the nutrient (N+P+K) with ordinary ploughing and puddling once, respectively, as compared with only 8 and 15% with puddling twice and soil compaction, respectively. The ratio of total biological yield (grain + straw + weeds) to total nutrient (N+P+K) uptake was 59.0 with puddling twice and soil compaction as compared with 53.5 with puddling once and 50.0 with ordinary ploughing. This suggests that tillage practices may affect the efficiency of the use of soil and applied nutrients by the rice crop.
16 citations
Patent•
4 Aug 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a cover for beds around trees to protect the root ball of the tree against undesirable soil compaction by motor vehicles is proposed, where a supporting frame is placed vertically in the soil around the root, and a cover is placed on the supporting frame to deflect the pressures which act on the cover towards soil strata which are lower than the normal growth horizon of the roots.
Abstract: In a cover for beds around trees to protect the root ball of the tree against undesirable soil compaction by motor vehicles, a supporting frame is placed vertically in the soil around the root ball and forms a square around the root ball. The supporting frame has openings so that it can be penetrated by the growing roots. A cover is placed on the supporting frame, and the supporting frame deflects the pressures which act on the cover towards soil strata which are lower than the normal growth horizon of the roots.
13 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of nitrogen, soil compaction and moisture stress on the nodulation, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) was studied.
Abstract: The effect of nitrogen, soil compaction and moisture stress on the nodulation, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merril.) was studied. Maximum nodule number and nodule weight per plant were obtained with 30 kg N/ha. Moisture stress at pod formation stage was most detrimental to nodule formation. Soil compaction significantly decreased the nodulation. With higher level of N (60 kg/ha), protein content of seed and yield of straw (not of grain) increased significantly. Moisture stress at reproductive stage significantly reduced the yield attributes and seed and straw production. Protein content of seed and straw was also lowered by moisture stress at both the stages. Soil compaction significantly reduced the yield attributes, yield and protein content of seed.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for finding out Proctor Standard compacted maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of cohesive soils has been developed, which omits the usual laborious procedure of compacting.
Abstract: A onepoint method for finding out Proctor Standard compacted maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of cohesive soils has been developed. It omits the usual laborious procedure of compact...
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects and interactions of husbandry methods and fertiliser placement on barley growth and yield were investigated and it was shown that combine-drilling an acidifying fertiliser with the seed rather than broadcasting it, was very effective in controlling Mn deficiency and increasing yield substantially on Mn deficient sites.
Abstract: Investigations on light soils from 1977 to 1981 revealed important effects and interactions of husbandry methods and fertiliser placement on barley growth and yield which were largely due to their effects on Mn availability to the crop. Thus combine-drilling an acidifying fertiliser (but not a non-acidifying fertiliser) with the seed rather than broadcasting it, was very effective in controlling Mn deficiency and increasing yield substantially on Mn deficient sites. Soil compaction was beneficial where the fertiliser was broadcast, primarily because it forced shallow sowing of seed and thus kept the seminal roots near the acidifying fertiliser. Deep sowing of seed greatly reduced yield when fertiliser was broadcast but not when fertiliser was placed near the seed. These effects and interactions explain why poor crops were frequently associated with loose seedbeds, deep sowing and broadcast fertilisers.
1 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the compaction of farm land soils via heavy farm machinery is discussed, and the topic of the article is about the application of heavy machinery on farm land soil.
Abstract: The topic of the article is about the compaction of farm land soils via heavy farm machinery.
TL;DR: Anazodo et al. as mentioned in this paper conducted field experiments on sub-drained clay and sandy loam soils at Macdonald College Farm in Quebec Province of Canada to test the hypothesis that soil compaction affects the physical and mechanical properties of corn ears and corn cobs.
Abstract: Anazodo, U.G.N., Raghavan, G.S.V., McKyes, E. and Norris, E.R., 1983. Physico-mechanical properties and yield of silage corn as affected by soil compaction and tillage methods. Soil Tillage Res., 3 : 331--345. Experimental investigations were conducted over three years to test the hypothesis that soil compaction affects the physical and mechanical properties of corn ears and corn cobs. Field experiments were made on sub-drained clay and sandy loam soils at Macdonald College Farm in Quebec Province of Canada. The mechanical properties of corn ears and corn cobs were determined from quasi-static force-deformation analysis performed with a universal Instron testing machine. The results showed that soil compaction treatments did not significantly influence corn cob elastic modulus and strength in simple bending nor in radial compression. Cob moisture content did not significantly change as a result of the application of various traffic treatments. However, corn cob diameter and pith diameter were both significantly affected by soil compaction. Corn ear moisture content and bending strength were not significantly affected by soil compaction. However, corn ear yield in all three years was found to be dependent on the amount of soil compaction applied. Also studied were the effects of various tillage methods in ameliorating the deleterious effects of soil compaction on crop yield and crop quality. It is concluded that a judicious choice of tillage machinery system can minimize the reductions in ear yield due to soil compaction.
Patent•
3 Mar 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the excentric mass is moved in a plane parallel to the compaction plate by rotating the mass at a predetermined distance from the plate to increase or decrease excentric effect.
Abstract: The soil compaction apparatus (1) comprises a compaction plate (2) and at least an excentric rotatingly driven mass for creating a vibration. The plate (2) is provided with a shaft (5), arranged perpendicularly to the plate, and on which there is rotatingly mounted the excentric weight (10), at a predetermined distance from the plate (2). The excentric mass (10) may thus move in a plane parallel to the plate (2). By displacing the excentric mass (10) along the shaft (5), it is possible to decrease or increase the excentric effect, that is to say the lever effect on the compaction plate (2).
TL;DR: Excavation of pupae from compacted soil indicated that soil compaction, rather than physical damage to the pupae, was the primary cause of reduced moth emergence.
Abstract: Bollworm, Heliothis zea Boddie, moth emergence was measured from a sandy loam soil after increasing levels of soil compaction. Soil strength as measured by indentation probe resistance in kg/cm2 was measured at successive depths under each level of compaction and related to the moth emergence pattern. Possible physical damage to pupae and the condition of the pupal chamber by the compaction process was determined by placing individual insects in cylindrical containers of soil, compacting the soil in the containers, and then excavating the pupae. Moth emergence decreased significantly with increasing soil compaction and also showed a definite relationship to the pattern of soil compaction vs. depth. Excavation of pupae from compacted soil indicated that soil compaction, rather than physical damage to the pupae, was the primary cause of reduced moth emergence.
1 Jan 1983
TL;DR: It is suggested that avoidance of soil compaction during logging, quick restoration of soil cover, and the use of fungus-inoculated seedlings for enrichment planting are important consequences for forest management.
Abstract: Each dipterocarp has its own species of fungus, forming an ectomycorrhiza. From literature and experiments (in East Kalimantan and in vitro) ecological consequences are explored. These help explain the clumping of dipterocarp trees in the forest, the lack of hybrids, the poor dispersal, and speciation as dependent on the viability of the root-fungus combination on a particular soil type. Mycorrhizas are located in the top soil. They are extremely sensitive to increase of soil temperatures as occur after canopy opening, and to soil compaction by machinery and log skidding. This explains the setback of dipterocarp growth after crude logging. It is suggested that avoidance of soil compaction during logging, quick restoration of soil cover, and the use of fungus-inoculated seedlings for enrichment planting are important consequences for forest management. Key words: Dipterocarpaceae, ecology, enrichment planting, logging, management, mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza — Dipterocarpaceae — The role of the symbiosis — The influence of logging on the fungi — Conclusions — References.