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Abstract: Graphics systems have repeated a cycle of evolution at least twice in the last fifteen years -- the first time with vector displays and now again with raster displays. Recent changes in computing systems allow this cycle to be broken and provide the opportunity for creating a better solution to the problem of graphics software interfaces, or graphics standards. This paper presents a view of the evolution of graphics hardware algorithms and these standards. After presenting this view and some deficiencies in existing graphics standards such as GKS, CORE and proposed standards such as PHIGS and the 3D extensions to GKS, the presentation then outlines a simple but powerful set of software concepts and primitives that accommodate hardware functionality that has emerged in recent years and also allow for future hardware developments.

Abstract: One company solved its need for a workstation capable of 3-D plant design by creating its own highly interactive graphics hardware and software in a multiple-bus architecture.

Abstract: Like their historical counterparts, modem users of Chinese ideographs (hanzi) may assume that their writing habits are unique. Similarly, users of an alphabetic script may assume that it is unique to many Western languages. In fact, however, the English alphabet has the same origin as the Pinyin (Chinese phonetic) alphabet-Latin, which in turn evolved from the Greek, Phoenician, Sumerian, and other, still earlier scripts. While the Latin script may not resemble hanzi, and while the pinyin alphabet may appear totally foreign compared with Chinese ideographs, this impression is largely illusory and superficial.

Abstract: Interactive graphics techniques constitute one of the many aspects of computer-aided design (CAD) (Gardan and Lucas, 1984), and mathematical concepts are involved in setting up a CAD system that includes graphics. It is of particular importance to be able to calculate values (distances, areas etc), to transfer from one space to another (from the user space to the screen space, or from three dimensions to two dimensions etc), to make geometric transformations or, at the geometric modelling level, to determine a mathematical model.