TL;DR: The use of metal silo should be encouraged in order to prevent storage losses and enhance food security in developing countries, including Africa, Asia and Latin America.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed experiments and numerical simulations to find the mechanism of the plugging during the gravitationally emptying a silo and found that two major slip lines can be seen symmetrically about a vertical midline in the continuous flow, but particles flow only on a one-side slip line at each moment.
Abstract: Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were performed to find the mechanism of the plugging during the gravitationally emptying a silo. Some interesting results were given by this investigation: 1) Two major slip lines can be seen symmetrically about a vertical midline in the continuous flow, but particles flow only on a one-side slip line was found at each moment; 2) At transition of the flow from one-side to the other, two-side flows collided each other on a vertical midline. And this collision possibly resulted in the formation of the arches of granular materials; 3) In the special case for 2) when arches were stable enough under certain geometrical condition the plugging of the flow occurred. For computer simulation on this issue, the Discrete Element Method specifically taking into account of rolling friction effect was used. Results of numerical simulations were in good agreement with the experimental measures not only in the flow pattern but also in the occurrence of the plugging.
TL;DR: In this paper, a calibration process is developed to determine the parameter values of the discrete element method (DEM) to predict the internal friction angle and stiffness, respectively, and the results of the calibration process are validated by modeling silo discharge and bucket filling.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used propensity score matching to evaluate the impact of metal silos on duration of maize storage, loss abatement, cost of storage, and household food security.
TL;DR: In this article, the approximate theory of Walker is extended to distinguish between the stresses developed during the initial filling of the silo (static) and those developed during flow (dynamic) conditions.