Showing papers on "Short-term memory published in 1978"
TL;DR: In this article, four possible mechanisms for short-term item recognition are distinguished: pure list search, direct access activation (or trace strength) discrimination, mixtures (of I and II), and response association.
336 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that popular computer models of free recall data imply erroneous predictions and at best paradoxical neural implementations, and counter the prevalent belief that a computational theory of mind can be advanced without regard to its implementation.
265 citations
TL;DR: An evoked potential component with a poststimulus peak at about 250 milliseconds is related to the storage of information in short-term memory and was found in an investigation of brain potentials in relation to a number and letter comparison task.
Abstract: An evoked potential component with a poststimulus peak at about 250 milliseconds is related to the storage of information in short-term memory. This storage component was found in an investigation of brain potentials in relation to a number and letter comparison task. In replications of this experiment at three different light intensities spaced 1.0 log unit apart, the component had essentially the same waveform and pattern of scores. The memory storage interpretation was confirmed in a behavioral experiment that probed short-term memory. Recall was predicted by the magnitude of the storage component.
104 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that age differences in memory span reflect chunking processes, and that the age differences were strongly affected by type of material, with two conditions (consonant letters, words) intended to restrict opportunities for chunking yielding age differences that were negligible, and one condition (cononant-vowel letters) constructed to maximize sequential probability yielding age difference that were large.
70 citations
TL;DR: Aims of further studies are to establish the role of cell loss from the hippocampus in loss of short-term spatial memory with age and to develop criteria for differential counting of small neurons, glia, endothelial cells and pericytes.
Abstract: Studies with human and animal subjects have indicated age declines in short-term memory and cell loss in the cortex. Cell loss has been estimated by descriptive nonautomated methods. Declines in short
56 citations
54 citations
TL;DR: The results not only confirm acoustic encoding to be a basic process in short-term recall of verbal stimuli in a language other than English but also lend support to the growing evidence of visual encoding inShort-term memory as the situation demands.
Abstract: Four lists of Chinese words in a 2 × 2 factorial design of visual and acoustic similarity were used in a short-term memory experiment. In addition to a strong acoustic similarity effect, a highly significant visual similarity effect was also obtained. This was particularly pronounced in the absence of acoustic similarity in the words used. The results not only confirm acoustic encoding to be a basic process in short-term recall of verbal stimuli in a language other than English but also lend support to the growing evidence of visual encoding in short-term memory as the situation demands.
40 citations
1 Jan 1978
35 citations
TL;DR: The major results were that the time taken to read a word aloud does not increase appreciably until subjects reach their 60s, and theTime taken to recall a verbal item just attended to increases steadily throughout the adult years, and most markedly between the sixth and seventh decades.
Abstract: Two experiments were carried out to measure age-related differences in speed of error-free recall by normal adults. The major results were that: (a) the time taken to read a word aloud (retrieval from lexical memory) does not increase appreciably until subjects reach their 60s; (b) the time taken to recall a verbal item just attended to (retrieval from primary memory) increases steadily throughout the adult years, and most markedly between the sixth and seventh decades; and, (c) the time taken to recall recent verbal information outside the span of attention (retrieval from secondary memory) also increases as a function of chronological age, at a relatively rapid rate and most markedly between the fifth and sixth decades. The effects are independent of the number of stimulus-response alternatives.
34 citations
TL;DR: An experiment in which five aphasic adults were nonverbally to recall individualized lists ofpictures they could easily name and lists of pictures they could not name found the primacy effect suggests the aphasics rehearsed the nameable pictures, but both lists were recalled so poorly that rehearsal deficit was considered responsible for no more than a fraction of the aahsics' reduction in short-term memory.
TL;DR: Hospitalized alcoholics taking disulfiram were found to process information in short-term memory at a slower rate than hospitalized controls, although short- term memory capacity was similar in the two groups.
Abstract: Hospitalized alcoholics taking disulfiram were found to process information in short-term memory at a slower rate than hospitalized controls, although short-term memory capacity was similar in the two groups.
TL;DR: Both old and young subjects differed significantly between sighted and blindfold conditions; however, there was no difference between the performance of the old and the young in the blindfold (kinesthetic) condition.
Abstract: 30 elderly subjects were matched with 30 young subjects and tested on a kinesthetic short-term memory task which required the replication of criterion moves after a variable retention interval under conditions of either rest, differing interpolated movement tasks, or mental activity. A visual control condition was used. Differing interference and temporal decrements were observed. Both old and young subjects differed significantly between sighted and blindfold conditions; however, there was no difference between the performance of the old and the young in the blindfold (kinesthetic) condition. These findings were discussed with respect to practical implications for the retraining of old subjects on certain motor tasks.
TL;DR: Faster decision times were found when memory and test stimuli were physically identical than when they were the same in name only, and the decision-time advantage of physically identical comparisons was greatest when the interval was not filled with a task likely to interfere with rehearsals.
Abstract: Double-letter memory and test stimuli were used in two experiments on a speek comparison task. Faster decision times were found when memory and test stimuli were physically identical than when they were the same in name only. This finding was true even with retention intervals as long as 12 sec and even when difficult tasks filled the retention intervals. However, the decision-time advantage of physically identical comparisons was greatest when the interval was not filled with a task likely to interfere with rehearsals. High verbal subjects had a smaller advantage for the physically identical comparisons than did low verbal subjects but were affected in the same way as low verbal subjects in terms of which conditions raised the overall correct comparison times, raised the error rates, and reduced the advantage of physically identical comparisons.
TL;DR: Normal boys were superior to ESN boys when central processing space was available during a condition of rest and no differences were evident when centralprocessing was prevented during an interpolated activity condition.
Abstract: Summary. 45 ESN boys in three mental age groups of 6, 9, and 12 years were examined for developmental trends and rehearsal strategies on a visual motor short term memory task. Comparisons were made with 45 normal boys aged 6, 9, and 12. Developmental trends and rehearsal strategies were almost totally absent in ESN boys. Normal boys were superior to ESN boys when central processing space was available during a condition of rest. No differences were evident when central processing was prevented during an interpolated activity condition. It was concluded that normal–ESN differences could be attributed to lack of mnemonic strategies in the ESN boys.
TL;DR: In many motor short-term memory studies, treatment effects have been inextricably mixed with the effects of repetition, and the apparent assumption in prior studies, that presentations of intervening test items obviates a repetition effect, was clearly refuted.
Abstract: A source of possible error in the design of many motor short-term memory studies- the effect of repeated testing of the same criterion positions- was evaluated together with a secondary factor, motivation. Using an arm-positioning task, three groups of five subjects, representing different motivational levels, were tested repeatedly on the same three test positions. Constant and variable error measures indicated significant effects of the repetition factor. Subjects became more accurate with repeated testing of the same positions as reflected by a positive shift in constant error in the direction of the criterion. There was an initial decrease and subjects' motivational level. The apparent assumption in prior studies, that presentations of intervening test items obviates a repetition effect, was clearly refuted. Thus, in many motor short-term memory studies, treatment effects have been inextricably mixed with the effects of repetition.
1 Jan 1978
TL;DR: The effect of anxiety on the direction of attention and short-term memory is discussed in this paper, where the authors discuss the effect of attention on short-termer memory recall.
Abstract: THE EFFECT OF ANXIETY ON DIRECTION OF ATTENTION AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY
TL;DR: In this article, second and third grade non-readers who were diagnosed as having visual perceptual deficiencies were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, and after seven months, there was no significant difference between the groups in visual perception or achievement of reading skills.
Abstract: Forty-three second and third grade non-readers who were diagnosed as having visual perceptual deficiencies were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received training in visual analysis, which included visual short-term memory, visual discrimination of letters and words, and remedial instruction. The control group received only remedial instruction. After seven months, there was no significant difference between the groups in visual perception or achievement of reading skills. However, there was a significant mean difference between pretest and posttest scores for both groups on all measures tested. Experimental subjects gained 8.9 months in reading achievement versus 9.2 months for controls, indicating that visual discrimination and visual memory of word training influenced the achievement of reading skills for this group to the same degree as did a remedial program without visual training.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Several multiple-correlation coefficients between memory scores and measures of adaptive behavior were significant and support the interpretation that the measures of short-term memory are ecologically valid.
Abstract: The performance of retarded subjects on five short-term memory tasks was analyzed in order to determine whether these tasks possessed construct and ecological validity. I predicted that certain components of each task required an active strategic process for optimal performance, whereas other components would only require a passive process. A principal axes factor analysis was performed on the intercorrelations of these components, and three factors were isolated that accounted for performance on the five tasks. Two of these factors were viewed as representing active and passive processes, and the third factor was determined by a recognition-memory task and, apparently, did not require the same processes as the recall tasks. These findings indicated that some of the short-term memory tasks possessed construct validity. An additional analysis was the investigation of the ecological validity of the various short-term memory tasks. Several multiple-correlation coefficients between memory scores and measures of adaptive behavior were significant and support the interpretation that the measures of short-term memory are ecologically valid.
TL;DR: A poor waking memory does not appear to be involved in the development of posthypnotic amnesia and measures of long-term memory collected under intentional learning conditions showed superior retention by the amnesic Ss.
Abstract: It has been suggested that the occurrence of amnesia after hypnosis is related to a predisposition toward forgetfulness manifested by Ss in ordinary waking life. On the basis of standardized scale performance, 20 hypnotizable Ss were classified as amnesic or nonamnesic, according to a strict criterion for suggested, temporary posthypnotic amnesia. These Ss received a battery of memory tests administered in the normal waking state. Measures of visual and auditory short-term memory, and long-term memory assessed under conditions of incidental learning, revealed no differences between amnesic and nonamnesic Ss. Measures of long-term memory collected under intentional learning conditions, however, showed superior retention by the amnesic Ss. A poor waking memory does not appear to be involved in the development of posthypnotic amnesia.
TL;DR: Varimax factor analyses of averaged evoked potentials produced by noncontingent probe stimuli demonstrated that the waveform of AEPs systematically covaried with the conditions of a classical electrocortical conditioning procedure.
TL;DR: The authors investigated the psychological reality of sign parameters in two groups of multi-handicapped children learning the Paget-Gorman Sign System and found that children with little or no oral comprehension and expression would code for memory in P-G sign parameters, while the group with comprehension for speech (Gp.H/S) but requiring signing as a means of expression, would prefer a sound-based code.
Abstract: This experiment investigated the psychological reality of sign parameters in two groups of multi-handicapped children learning the Paget-Gorman Sign System. It was hypothesized that those children who had little or no oral comprehension and expression (Gp.S) would code for memory in P-G sign parameters, while the group with comprehension for speech (Gp.H/S) but requiring signing as a means of expression, would prefer a sound-based code.The experimental test consisted of a Short Term Memory paradigm in which groups H/S and S were presented with a video-tape of 3–5 item sequences of simultaneous signed and spoken words. Memory of each sequence was tested in immediate free recall by subjects' selecting their responses from a picture matrix of target and confusion items. The control group heard only an audio-tape of the speech stimuli, but selected their responses from the same picture matrix.A significantly greater number of sign than sound confusion errors was found for Groups S and H/S, but significantly m...
TL;DR: A serial recall task was used to compare performance of normal and learning disabled elementary school children matched on CA, IQ, and sex with two and three dimensional representations of nonverbal eight-point shapes, finding learning disabled children's performance was consistent with the mediation deficiency hypothesis found with normal children.
Abstract: A serial recall task was used to compare performance of 15 normal and 15 learning disabled elementary school children matched on CA, IQ, and sex with two and three dimensional representations of nonverbal eight-point shapes. Two a priori assumptions were not supported: (a) no differences in recall were found between groups and (b) no differences in recall were found for either group using two or three dimensional stimuli. Three dimensional stimuli did facilitate visual rehearsal at the primacy position for both groups. Learning disabled children's performance was consistent with the mediation deficiency hypothesis found with normal children.
1 Jan 1978
TL;DR: This Thesis is a comparative study of the short-term auditory memory span and sequence of language/learning disabled children and normal children.
Abstract: This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu. Recommended Citation McCausland, Kathleen M., "A comparative study of the short-term auditory memory span and sequence of language/learning disabled children and normal children" (1978). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2855.
1 Jan 1978
TL;DR: Bartels et al. as discussed by the authors used a phonological recoding strategy for a short-term memory task by normal and mentally retarded subjects, which was accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator.
Abstract: This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu. Recommended Citation Bartels, Mary Jo, "Development and use of a phonological recoding strategy for a short-term memory task by normal and mentally retarded subjects" (1978). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2774.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Wickelgren's (1966) short-term memory paradigm was used to investigate distinctive features of consonants in noise and revealed that few errors were made in the quiet condition, but that all the noise conditions had deleterious effects on features.
Abstract: Wickelgren's (1966) short-term memory paradigm was used to investigate distinctive features of consonants in noise; 18 English consonants paired with the vowel /a/ were presented to 3 normal listeners in a CV context. Ss were tested in a quiet sound field at most comfortable listening level in experimental conditions of (1) quiet, (2) speech and noise at 0, (3) --5, and (4) --10 db S/N. Errors in auditory perception were eliminated from the data analysis and only errors in short-term memory recall were used as input to INDSCAL analysis. Results revealed that few errors were made in the quiet condition, but that all the noise conditions had deleterious effects on features.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Experimental neurosis caused by overloading the function of short-term memory is characterized by a severe course and is attended with motor and somatic disturbances as well as by memory and emotional disorders.
Abstract: In conditions of overloaded function of short-term memory, studied by the method of delayed reactions, with a prolonged deficit of time allotted for realization of the function, the animals exhibit substantial disturbances of higher nervous activity which by their etiological character belong to the group of informational neuroses. Appearance of the neurosis is preceded by a number of complex behavioral and vegetative changes reflecting activation of powerful compensatory mechanisms of the brain activity, aimed at elimating the time deficit and other neurotizing factors of the surroundings. Experimental neurosis caused by overloading the function of short-term memory is characterized by a severe course and is attended with motor and somatic disturbances as well as by memory and emotional disorders.
1 Jan 1978
TL;DR: Hoffinger et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the relationship between auditory short-term memory and articulation ability of eight-year-olds and found that the relationship was positively associated with the ability of articulation.
Abstract: This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu. Recommended Citation Hoffinger, Winona Eugenia, "Relationship of auditory short-term memory and articulation ability of eight-year-olds" (1978). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2833.