Abstract: A probe-recognition short-term memory paradigm was used to inquire into the precise effects of sleep deprivation on human memory. It was found that recognition performance, as measured by d', was generally impaired for each subjects after 24 hr of sleep deprivation. While d' was shown to decrease exponentially as the number of items intervening between the target and the probe increased, this decay rate was not affected by sleep loss. In addition there was confirmation of a previously observed increase in the positive skewness of reaction times after wakefulness. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that sleep deprivation increases the occurrence of lapses, periods of lowered reactive capacity, which prevent the encoding of items in short-term memory.

Abstract: Interference in auditory short-term memory in the bottlenosed dolphin,Tursiops truncatus (Montagu), was studied using a delayed matching-to-sample task. At each trial, one of two sample sounds, chosen randomly, was projected underwater for 4 sec and then, after a variable delay interval, both sounds were presented. A response to the sound matching the initial sample was reinforced. Correct matching was significantly reduced following short intervals between trials in combination with long delays after the sample (proactive interference), or when a near continuous irrelevant sound was inserted into the delay interval (retroactive interference). There was rapid habituation to interference if the irrelevant sound was short in duration relative to the delay interval. For both proactive and retroactive interference, the errors were predominantly responses to the sample sound appropriate to the prior trial rather than to the current trial, indicating that memory for the relative recency of events (temporal memory) was degraded by interference. When interference was deleted or minimized, temporal memory remained nearly perfect over 30-sec delay intervals, the longest tested. The importance of distinguishing between temporal memory and nontemporal, or event, memory in different forms of the delayed matching task was emphasized.

Abstract: Female volunteers, ranging in age from 19 to 78 years, viewed or listened to prose passages and sequences of unrelated digits in an evaluation of the effects of modality (visual vs. auditory) upon short-term memory. The data indicated that performance on the digit span task was better with the auditory than with the visual presentation mode, while the opposite effect (i.e., visual better than auditory) was found with the prose passages. Although there were age-related deficits with both types of materials, the modality effects were similar for all age levels.

Abstract: The experience of time, and more particularly of duration, has been studied rather separately from its functional fundament: the memory process. Yet, in the past few years some rather intriguing patterns of connection have emerged. Especially the effect of the usual distinction between immediate memory (IM), short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM) (Shiffrin and Atkinson 1969; Norman 1970) seems to provide some conceptual cement to link the two fields: time and memory.

Abstract: The short-term memory for serial order of third and fourth grade normal and retarded readres (Ns = 13) was studied. Six pictures of common objects were spatially presented and subjects were required to reconstruct the sequence. On the first six trials, the same pictures were repeatedly presented in different sequences. On the seventh trial, a new set of stimuli was introduced. Analysis of short-term memory over trials showed that normal and retarded readers were similar on Trial 1 but the performance of retarded readers deteriorated more over trials than the performance of normal readers. Short-term memory of both groups improved on Trial 7. The results indicate a greater susceptibility to interference in the short-term memory of retarded readers.

Abstract: Using a subsidiary task technique, Doest and Turvey (1971) concluded that iconic memory was independent of the central processing system. However, they did not control the timing between the short-term memory and the iconic-memory tasks in their first experiment and they used a rather long stimulus duration in their second experiment. These procedural difficulties were rectified here in Experiments I and II. It was found that memory load reduced partial report at all interstimulus intervals and there was no interaction. The results of Experiment I were replicated with auditory presentation in Experiment III, ruling out a masking interpretation. Experiment IV ruled out an interpretation in terms of rehearsal or response competition. It was concluded that iconic memory, like short-term memory, is dependent on the central processing system in the sense that it will suffer in a subsidiary-task situation. The locus of the interference effect appears to be in the encoding stage.

Abstract: GRUENENFELDER, THOMAS M., and BORKOWSKI, JOHN G. Transfer of Cumulative-Rehearsal Strategies in Children's Short-Term Memory. CHLD DEVELOPMENT, 1975, 46, 1019-1024. The effects of cumulative-rehearsal instructions and degree of overlearning on the acquisition and transfer of rehearsal strategies were investigated in first-grade children. Half of 60 children were given cumulative-rehearsal instructions; the other half were given no rehearsal instructions. Each child then received 1 of 3 levels of practice in learning a 9-item serial list. 1 week later a new serial list was presented with no additional instructions. Although the strategy was effective in facilitating learning for all cumulative-rehearsal grotips, only 65% of the instructed children showed pronounced long-term strategy transfer. Overlearning had no facilitating effect on transfer.

Abstract: Marteniuk (1973) used negative results, which may be attributed to a lack of power, to question the adequacy of variable error as a measure of forgetting. He also used these negative results, along with constant error results which were consistent with the Laabs (1971, 1973) model of motor memory, to reject parts of the model related to variable error. Caution is advised when interpreting negative results and interchanging dependent measures.

Abstract: .— Two experiments exploring the modality relation between memory task and interference task are reported. With visual and verbal tasks, variations in modality relation did not influence the total amount recalled. The usual serial position effect was observed when memory and interference task were of different modalities. The amount of recall was found to be a function of the memory strategies used by the subjects, ‘active’ strategies producing highest recall.

Abstract: JAMES F. WINSCHEL, Ed.D. Syracuse University ELIZABETH A. LAWRENCE, Ph.D. Western Michigan University It has often been contended that programs for the mentally retarded are neither different nor distinctive. While it is true that the development of intelligence has been a sometimes unique objective of such programs, in practice instruction has variously emphasized academic, vocational, and social content drawn largely from the regular school curricula. In commenting on the development of educational programs for the retarded, Simches and Bohn (1963) stated, &dquo;the most important goal-more adequate intellectual functioning-was almost ignored&dquo; (p. 1 16). Recently Kelly (1971) went so far as to suggest that intelligence is but a minimal goal in the education of the retarded. It is as if, having failed to pursue the goal, we should now abandon it completely. By

Abstract: .— The effect of encoding strategy upon retroactive interference in STM was studied. The subjects were presented two trigrams for retention with the Brown-Peterson method. In half the cases they were to recall both trigrams, in half to recall only the first. The results showed higher recall with the associative than with the rehearsal strategy. An increase in level of retroactive interference was found to increase number of retroactive interference errors in the rehearsal strategy condition and number of omissions in the associative strategy condition. The results were interpreted in terms of the memory trace integration hypothesis.

Abstract: Laabs (1975) has argued that Marteniuk’s (1973) negative findings in opposition to his (1973) model can be explained by a lack of power. While statistical power was low, Marteniuk’s results, and those of Jones (1974) as well, demonstrated a very small difference that was contrary to one of Laabs’ predictions. It can be concluded this difference was not practically meaningful, suggesting that the Laabs (1973) model may have to be modified.

Abstract: Models of memory processing were investigated in three experiments on free recall. The results suggest a shift to short-term processing as the amount of information presented is perceived to exceed the capacity of long-term processing. Short-term memory appeared to function as temporary maintenance storage rather than as a necessary initial phase of a sequential processing of information from short-term to long-term memory. The appropriateness of a distinction between short- and long-term memory, the characteristics of short-term memory, and the relationship between short- and long-term memory have been researched and described in terms of information-processing models of memory. The most widely referenced of these models are those of Waugh and Norman (1965) and Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). These models suggest that information enters a temporary short-term store of limited capacity from which it may be processed into a more permanent long-term store. After the limited capacity of the short-term store is reached, new items enter by displacing older items. Thus, short-term memory is seen as a preliminary stage in a sequential processing of information from short- to longterm memory. Rehearsal can maintain information in short-term memory, but unrehearsed information is rapidly lost. Rehearsal ends during recall, resulting in rapid forgetting from short-term memory. In free recall, the most recently presented information tends to be recalled first, leading to the marked recency peak of the serial-position curve among practiced subjects. That is, the most recently presented items represent recall from the short-term store, and items presented in early and middle serial positions are thought to represent recall from the long-term store. Results from a variety of studies have been offered to support such two-store interpretations of serial-position effects. Although there is research consistent with the models that propose multiple processes, the evidence does not compel an automatic, sequential relationship between short- and long-term memory. Logically, in a

Abstract: Short-term memory with blocked cholinoreceptors was studied by the method of deferred reactions in the choice of one of 3--4 feeding troughs in tests staged on 5 dogs and 5 cats. Disturbances of short-term memory were caused by blocking of central m-cholinoreceptors with benactizyne (0.1--0.4 mg/kg). On abolishing peripheral symptoms arising under the effect of chlorpromazine with carbocholine (0.001 mg/kg) the short-term memory disturbances go on persisting. Blocking of peripheral m-cholino-receptors with lachesine (0.01--0.1 mg/kg) does not have any significant effect on the short-term memory. Under the blocking action of pediphen (0.5--2 mg/kg) on the cerebral n-cholinoreceptors the short-term memory improves with reduced memorization capacity.