Severity factor

Abstract: The hydrolysis of rye straw and rye silage in liquid hot water (LHW) as a pretreatment process for the utilization of lignocellulosic material (LCM) was investigated. Two different types of reactors, a batch autoclave (BA) and a continuous-flow (CF) apparatus, were used in this work. For both setups a certain time was needed to heat the reactor up to the desired temperature. The temperature profiles for both reactors were calculated and accurately predicted in order to assure comparable and defined operating conditions. For this purpose, a modified severity factor was used that accounted for the different temperatures during the heat-up phase in the reactors. The experimental results show that high degrees of biomass solubilization are possible using LHW, however, the yield of undesired degradation products increases with treatment severity as well. The particle size of the biomass and the substrate concentration seem to have no influence on the solubilization. The solubilization of rye silage seems to be easier compared to rye straw as parts of the protecting hemicellulose–lignin matrix have already been degraded by lactobacilli. The glucose formation and decomposition from rye straw were investigated using a simplified model according to the pattern of a single consecutive reaction following first-order kinetics and the results were compared to literature data dealing with the LHW treatment of starch as well as pure cellulose. Taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of the reactor types used, an optimal reactor concept is proposed for future investigations.

Abstract: Single stage and multi-stage liquid hot water pretreatments of mixed hardwood pinchips were investigated at various severities (log R0 = 3.65-4.81) to assess the efficiencies of the pretreatments with respect to achieving high pentose sugar yields and improved enzymatic digestibility of pretreated cellulose. We investigate the effect of pretreatment parameters that is, temperature, and time, as expressed in the severity factor, on the recovery of sugars and hydrolyzability of pretreated cellulose. We find the severity factor, in its widely used form, is an incomplete measure for evaluating the pretreatment efficiencies and predicting overall sugar yields when pretreatment temperatures above 200°C are used. Corrections to the severity factor and its correlation to the measured pretreatment responses (% xylan solubilization, xylan recovery as fermentable sugars, cellulose enzymatic digestibility) indicate a greater influence of temperature on the pretreatment efficiencies than predicted by the commonly used severity factor. A low temperature, long residence time is preferred for hemicellulose dissolution during the pretreatment since the condition favors oligosaccharide and monomeric sugar formation over sugar degradation. On the contrary, high cellulose hydrolyzability is achieved with a high temperature (>200°C), high severity pretreatment when pretreatment is followed by enzyme hydrolysis. In multi-stage pretreatment, the first low-severity pretreatment is optimized for solubilizing fast-hydrolyzing hemicellulose while minimizing formation of furans. The subsequent pretreatment is carried out at over 200°C to recover the difficult-to-hydrolyze hemicellulose fraction as well as to increase susceptibility of pretreated cellulose to enzymes. High recovery (>92%) of hemicellulose-derived pentose sugars and enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cellulose (where >80% glucose yield results with 20 FPU = 32 mg protein/g glucan or 10-13 mg/g initial hardwood) are achieved by applying a multi-stage pretreatment. This work shows how the severity equation may be used to obtain a single characteristic curve that correlate xylan solubilization and enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis as a function of severity at pretreatment temperatures up to 230°C.