TL;DR: In marine fish species vaccination is generally performed by immersion, but use of injection vaccination is increasing, particularly in the Mediterranean region, and the effect of vaccination against bacterial infections is good.
Abstract: During the last few years, the use of vaccines for disease prevention in aquaculture has expanded both with regard to the number of fish species and number of microbial diseases. According to the responses to a questionnaire received from 41 countries, vaccination is used in the commercial aquaculture of species like Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), tilapia (Tilapia spp), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), purplish and gold-striped amberjack (Seriola dumereli), striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The range of bacterial infections for which vaccines are commercially available now comprises classical vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum, Vibrio ordalii), furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida), cold-water vibriosis (Vibrio salmonicida), yersiniosis (Yersinia ruckeri), pasteurellosis (Photobacterium damselae supsp. piscicida), edwardsiellosis (Edwardsiella ictaluri), winter ulcer (Moritella viscosa), and streptococcosis/lactococcosis (Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus garviae). Furthermore, experimental vaccines are used against diseases such as infection with Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damsela subsp. damsela in barramundi, piscirickettsiosis and bacterial kidney disease in salmonids, as well as infection with Flexibacter maritimus (now: Tenacibaculum maritimum) in turbot. There was good agreement between the information received from different sources in the same country. Most vaccines are licensed products, but some non-licensed vaccines are also used in commercial fish farms. Most bacterial vaccines are inactivated products and recombinant vaccine technology has so far been used to a very limited extent. Salmonid fish are usually immunised with multivalent vaccines by intraperitoneal injection. In marine fish species vaccination is generally performed by immersion, but use of injection vaccination is increasing, particularly in the Mediterranean region. Only limited use of orally administered fish vaccines is reported. In general, the effect of vaccination against bacterial infections is good. The best protection is obtained with injectable, adjuvanted vaccines. However, injection-site adverse reactions often occur when such products are used.
TL;DR: The author measured the mouth size of various larval fishes which had absorbed yolk and just begin to take natural live food, and studied the relationship among mouth size, food size and growth of fish.
Abstract: Studies on the mouth size of larval fishes have not yet been fully made. The author measured the mouth size of various larval fishes which had absorbed yolk and just begin to take natural live food, and studied the relationship among mouth size, food size and growth of fish. Total body length of the material fishes ranged from 10 to 20mm. The results obtained are as follows. 1. No definite relationship was found between the mouth size and the total body length at the time of commencement of feeding. 2. The mouth size of various larval fishes at the time of commencement of feeding ranged from 200 μ to 1.000 μ and was observed to have a close relationship to the size of their natural foods: That is, larval fishes having small mouth sizes, such as Hypomesus, Plecoglossus, Ammodytes, Sillago, Konosirus and Oplegnathus take only phytoplankton, protozoa and the nauplii of small copepods, but larval fishes having big mouth sizes, such as Thunnus, Katsuwonus, Seriola, Girella, Mugil, Lateolabrax and Clupea were found to easily take large copepods at the time of commencement of feeding. 3. Although the body size at the time of commencement of feeding, in fishes of rapid growth such as Thunnus, Katsuwonus, Seriola and Scomber, was much smaller (about 1/2) than that of Clupea, their mouth size was equal to or larger than that of Clupea. 4. It was made clear that the quicker the growth of fish, the greater is the mouth size at the time of commencement of feeding.
TL;DR: The pathogenicity of the agent causing viral nervous necrosis of striped jack, Pseudocaranx dentex, was examined in striped jack and other selected marine fish species and the characteristic pathological changes, i.e. vacuolation in the retina and brain, were reproduced in the affected larvae.
Abstract: . The pathogenicity of the agent causing viral nervous necrosis (VNN) of striped jack, Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider), was examined in striped jack and other selected marine fish species. Fish were exposed to purified striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) (0·1–100 ng ml−1) or homogenates of diseased striped jack larvae. Striped jack larvae (3·5 and 4·4 mm total length) were susceptible to the virus, but juveniles (78 mm) were not. The viral antigens were detected by indirect ELISA and the characteristic pathological changes, i.e. vacuolation in the retina and brain, were reproduced in the affected larvae. The infection was also established in healthy larvae by cohabitation with the diseased larvae. Larvae of red sea bream, Pagrus major Temminck & Schlegel, yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel, and goldstriped amberjack, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, were not susceptible to SJNNV.
TL;DR: The main bottlenecks for further expansion of Seriola spp. farming appear to be disease impact, lack of genetic improvement programs, and incomplete knowledge of nutrient requirements as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide an update of Seriola spp. farming in the world, excluding yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata), and to identify strengths and weaknesses of these species as candidates for aquaculture diversification in different areas of the world. Farmed Seriola species other than yellowtail are yellowtail kingfish (S. lalandi) in Japan and Australia, longfin yellowtail (S. rivoliana) in the United States, greater amberjack (S. dumerili) in Japan, the Mediterranean and more recently Vietnam, and Pacific yellowtail (S. mazatlana) in North and Central America. Candidate countries for Seriola spp. farming development are China (although there are no published production statistics to date), New Zealand and the Canary Islands. The main bottlenecks for further expansion of Seriola spp. farming appear to be disease impact, lack of genetic improvement programs, and incomplete knowledge of nutrient requirements. Extensive experience from Japan, where the success of Seriola spp. farming has...
TL;DR: A qualitative risk assessment for 57 metazoan parasite species found to infect wild yellowtail kingfish and Samson fish in southern Australia is performed to determine real risks to local sea-cage aquaculture of S. lalandi in South Australia and for industry expansion elswhere.