Self-determination

Abstract: During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies-Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements - Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others - were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today.

Abstract: For Whom Sovereignty Matters Joanne Barker (Lenape) Sovereignty Taiaiake Alfred (Mohawk) Backgrounding Maori Views on Genetic Engineering Fiona Cram (Maori) Tinkuqniypacha/Crossroads: First Peoples/African American Connections Guillermo Delgado-P. (Quechua) and John Brown Childs (Massachusett/Brothetown-Oneida/Madagascan) The Politics of Hawaiian Blood and Sovereignty in Rice v. Cayetano J. Kehaulani Kauanui (Native Hawaiian) The Shark in the Woods: The Passive Resistance of Samoans to US and Other Colonialisms Dan Taulapapa McMullin (Samoan) Tribal Cultural Self-Determination and the Makah Whaling Culture Robert J. Miller (Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma) What is the Meaning of This Place: A Spiritual Definition of Sovereignty From a Kanaka Maoli Perspective Kilipaka Kawaihonu Nahili Pae Ontai (Native Hawaiian) Chamorro Resistance and Prospects for Sovereignty in Guam Michael P. Perez (Chamorro) Kaupapa Maori Theory: Asserting Indigenous Theories of Change Leonie Pihama (Maori) Indigenous Identity and Political Sovereignty: Tainos and the Puerto Rican Independence Struggle Deborah Berman Santana (Puerto Rican [Boriken])

Abstract: More than eighty years since Chief Deskaheh petitioned the League of Nations for Haudenosaunee self-determination, it is becoming clearer that the existing rights discourse can take indigenous peoples only so far. States and global/regional forums have framed self-determination rights that deemphasize the responsibilities and relationships that indigenous peoples have with their families and the natural world (homelands, plant life, animal life, etc.) that are critical for the health and well-being of future generations. What is needed is a more holistic and dynamic approach to regenerating indigenous nations, and I propose the concept of sustainable self-determination as a benchmark for future indigenous political mobilization. Utilizing case studies of indigenous community regeneration such as the Native Federation of Madre de Dios (FENAMAD) in Peru and the White Earth Land Recovery Project (WELRP) on Turtle Island as well as analyzing the existing research on rights, political mobilization, and ecosystems, this article identifies alternatives to the existing rights discourse that can facilitate a meaningful and sustainable self-determination process for indigenous peoples around the world. Overall, findings from this research offer theoretical and applied understandings for regenerating indigenous nationhood and restoring sustainable relationships on indigenous homelands. KEYWORDS: indigenous, sustainable

Abstract: Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 3 2. Sovereignty, Statehood, and Nationalism 14 3. Self-Determination 27 4. The Rights of Minorities 50 5. Indigenous Rights 74 6. Human Rights 104 7. Hong Kong 129 8. India and the Punjab 151 9. The Kurds 178 10. The Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua 203 11. Northern Ireland 226 12. The Saami (Lapp) People of Norway, Sweden, and Finland 247 13. Spain-The Basque Country and Catalonia 263 14. Sri Lanka 280 15. Sudan 308 16. Federal or Quasi-Federal Structures 337 -Eritrea (1952-1962) -Greenland -Netherlands Antilles -Switzerland (1848-1874) -Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 17. Territories of International Concern 370 -Aland Islands -Free City of Danzig -Memel Territory -New Zealand-The Associate States of the Cook Islands and Niue and the Territory of Tokelau -The Saar (1920-1935) -The Saar (1945-1955) -Free Territory of Trieste 18. Other Situations of Interest 407 -Belgium -Indian Peoples in Brazil -China -Fiji -Italy-the South Tyrol -Malaysia 19. Conclusion 453 Recent Developments 479 Postscript 495 Selected Bibliography 509 Index 515