Abstract: The Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology is the first work to map this ever-changing field. It is the most comprehensive, research-based encyclopedia consisting of contributions from over 900 noted researchers in over 50 countries. This five-volume encyclopedia includes more than 550 articles highlighting current concepts, issues and emerging technologies. These articles are enhanced by special attention that is paid to over 4,500 technical and managerial terms. These terms will each have a 5-50 word description that allow the users of this extensive research source to learn the language and terminology of the field. In addition, these volumes offer a thorough reference section with over 11,500 sources of information that can be accessed by scholars, students, and researchers in the field of information science and technology.

Abstract: From the contents:Section I: Introduction and Overview.- Section II: Disorders.- Section III: Problem Behaviors.- Conclusion.

Abstract: This is a generally well-written book, which groups chapters nicely into four sections. Section one focuses on clinical and legal issues, section two on the theoretical, cultural and psychosocial a...

Abstract: ion selbrimay also be used in descriptions, preceded by “le” (or any othermember of selma’o LE): Example 11.1.4 la djan. cu djica le nu sonci 〈kei〉 John desires the event-of being-a-soldier. We will most often use descriptions containing abstraction either at the end of a bridi, or just before the main selbri with its “cu”; in either of these circumstances, “kei” can normally be elided. The place structure of an abstraction selbri depends on the particular abstractor, and will be explained individually in the following sections. Note: In glosses of bridi within abstractions, the grammatical form used in the English changes. Thus, in the gloss of Example 11.1.2 we see “my going-to the store” rather than “I go-to the store”; likewise, in the glosses of Example 11.1.3 andExample 11.1.4we see “being-a- soldier” rather than “is-a-soldier”. This procedure reflects the desire formore understandable glosses, and does not indicate any change in the Lojban form. A bridi is a bridi, and undergoes no change when it is used as part of an abstraction selbri. 11.2 Event abstraction The following cmavo is discussed in this section: Definition 11.1 nu event abstractor NU

Abstract: This thematic section is dedicated to the discussion of conceptual and practice-inspired approaches to the entanglement of sovereignty and borders. The production of this thematic section is accomp...

Abstract: This chapter describes the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD, see www.ndltd.org), as an example of digital library practice. It builds upon discussion in earlier chapters on policy – touching on content, preservation, evaluation, and economics. In the remainder of this section we explain the rationale (Section 1.1), give a library perspective (Section 1.2), and explain our very broad perspective regarding evaluation. In the next section (2) we describe the community served and involved. Section 3 discusses the content, especially at the level of collection, considering its management, size, and access. Section 4 relates this work to the world of scholarly publishing, including perspectives of authors and publishers, considering as well intellectual property rights and preservation. The last section points toward future growth in membership, organization, and services.

Abstract: The experience of death is, anthropologically, of the most genuine concern for all cultures and societies worldwide, since it marks the most extreme limits of human existence With such an impact on our routines, it should come as no surprise that it can be effectively exploited as a source of intensification in language, perhaps even cross-linguistically Although some studies have addressed the uses of specific intensifiers from the semantic field of death (cf Claridge 2011 on dead or Margerie 2011 on to death), a comprehensive diachronic corpus-based study of death-related intensifiers is still missing This dissertation, therefore, sets out to explore the use of death for intensification purposes in language by focusing on the semantic evolution of the intensifiers from the semantic field of death, specifically dead(ly), mortal(ly), and to death, covering from the Middle English period (1100-1500) to Present-day English This dissertation is divided into seven chapters Chapter one serves as an introduction to the current research, detailing the aims and scope, as well as the outline of the manuscript Chapters two, three, and four provide the theoretical framework of this study, dealing, in general terms, with intensification and intensifiers and with the theory of grammaticalisation Chapter five, in contrast, presents the methodology used in the research, which is corpus-based Finally, chapter six sets forth the actual corpus-based study on death-related intensifiers in English and chapter seven closes with some concluding remarks and suggestions for future research Chapter two starts with an initial theoretical discussion of intensification in language and how it is realised linguistically by means of manifold intensification strategies or intensifiers Section 22 introduces the defining features of intensifiers and reviews the different definitions and models of classification which have been put forward in the literature These models can be subsumed under two broad categories: those which classify intensifiers based on a degree scale, on the one hand, and those models which propose a semantic classification of intensifiers, on the other hand After presenting the different models of classification, I assess their suitability and present the model adopted in the present dissertation (section 222), before presenting some concluding remarks for the chapter (cf 23) Chapter three discusses in detail the theory of grammaticalisation, central for this dissertation An overview of its history is provided in section 31 In 32 I introduce the parameters and principles of grammaticalisation, as established by Lehmann (1985) and Hopper (1991) Next, in section 33, some of the phenomena typically associated with grammaticalisation are duly discussed, specifically unidirectionality, reanalysis, (inter)subjectification, and frequency Section 34 looks into some recent trends in the field of grammaticalisation, before presenting some concluding remarks for the overall chapter in 35 Chapter four revises the history of different intensifiers which have been discussed in the literature, both from the perspective of grammaticalisation (section 41) and of language variation, including social variation and geographical variation (section 42) Chapter five is concerned with the methodology of this research In section 51 I provide some introductory remarks on usage-based models of language and on the rise of corpus linguistics, the methodological framework of this thesis (section 51) Section 52 introduces the different sources of data used, namely dictionaries, corpora, and electronic collections and section 53 deals with the computer tools required for the analysis: the concordancer Wordsmith 60 and the different statistical tests To close this chapter, section 54 explains the database and its particulars, as well as the variables of analysis The actual corpus-based study is the focus of chapter 6 In the first part of the chapter (61), I provide a glimpse of the evolution of dead(ly), mortal(ly), and to death by resorting to evidence from the two historical dictionaries par excellence, the MED and the OED Next, in 62 I trace the long diachrony of these intensifiers with the Helsinki Corpus and ARCHER EModE and LModE are the focus of section 63, which turned out to be decisive periods in the history of these intensifiers Section 64 is intended to provide a graphic overview and general picture of the evolution of these death-related intensifiers considering their type of meaning, semantic prosody and the type of word which they modify Finally, in 65 I discuss the development of these forms in relation to the framework of grammaticalisation, hence applying all the theoretical aspects discussed in the literature review to the data Finally, chapter 7 provides a summary of the main findings from the study, together with some thoughts on possible future research

Abstract: .................................................................................................................................. vii Dedication ................................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. x List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction and background ............................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Research involving children is essential ......................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Children are vulnerable .......................................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Current ethics guidelines and regulations for research with children ............................................... 4 2.4 The South African National Health Act on research with children ....................................................... 7 2.5 Other South African ethics guidelines on research with children ..................................................... 11 2.6 Eight benchmarks for the ethical review of research in developing countries. ........................... 14 2.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Chapter 3: Rationale of the study......................................................................................... 20 3.

Abstract: This section contains facts about Turkish syntax, morphology and phonology that are relevant to understanding the examples given throughout this chapter.

Abstract: Religious disagreement is, quite understandably, viewed as a problem for religious belief. In this paper, I consider why religious disagreement is a problem—why it is a potential defeater for religious belief—and I propose a way of dealing with this sort of potential defeater. I begin by focusing elsewhere—on arguments for radical skepticism. In section 1, I consider skeptical arguments proposed as potential defeaters for all of our perceptual and memory beliefs and explain what I think the rational response is to such potential defeaters, emphasizing the way epistemic intuitions are involved in both the skeptical arguments and my recommended response. In section 2, I discuss the way in which peer disagreement—on any topic—is a potential defeater for our beliefs, highlighting the conditions under which recognized disagreement is a successful defeater and those under which it isn't. In the third section, I consider how to use a section-1 type of response to deal with a section-2 type of defeater for religious belief.

Abstract: This article describes an automatic system for writing specialized texts in Spanish. The arText prototype is a free online text editor that includes different types of linguistic information. It is designed for a variety of end users and domains, including specialists and university students working in the fields of medicine and tourism, and laypersons writing to the public administration. ArText provides guidance on how to structure a text, prompts users to include all necessary contents in each section, and detects lexical and discourse problems in the text.

Abstract: These are undeniable statements that demonstrate the importance of the problem posed by AD and other dementing disorders. However, the burden of AD is complex, and there is growing concern that health economic researchers and policymakers are insufficiently describing the scope and magnitude of the problem both from a macroperspective and microperspective. We are now entering the 25th anniversary of the first public health and public policy advocacy efforts toward “Alzheimer’s prevention,” namely the 1992 publication of the “5-5 10-10 plan” [4]. It is worthwhile to review what has been accomplished and to identify the remaining challenges. The editors of Alzheimer’s & Dementia are therefore announcing the formation of a new Special Topic Section focused on the Health Economics and Public Policy of AD. The objective is to drive global standardization in this field and to stimulate the development of a comprehensive framework for evaluating the value of novel interventions for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and care of individuals at elevated risk or afflicted with AD.

Abstract: About The Author Preface SECTION ONE: ISSUES SURROUNDING JAPANESE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: The Japanese Writing System Chapter 3: Cognitive Challenges in Learning the Japanese Writing System SECTION TWO: COGNITIVE STRATEGIES Chapter 4: Cognitive Learning Strategies Chapter 5: Visual Association Chapter 6: Component Analysis Chapter 7: Mnemonics SECTION 3: PSYCHOLOGY AND SELF-REGULATION Chapter 8: Learner Psychology, Self-Regulation and Language Learning Chapter 9: Metacognition and Language Learning Chapter 10: Goal Setting and Commitment Control Strategies Chapter 11: Affective Factors in Kanji Learning SECTION 4: IMPLICATIONS Chapter 12: Implications for Learners Chapter 13: Implications for Instructors Chapter 14: Implications for the Researchers Glossary Bibliography

Abstract: On August 10, 2016, a complaint filed in the Eastern District of New York accused Facebook of aiding the execution of terrorist attacks. The complaint depicted user-generated posts and groups promoting and directing the perpetration of terrorist attacks. Under § 230 of the Communications Decency Act, interactive service providers (ISPs), such as Facebook, cannot be held liable for user-generated content where the ISP did not create or develop the content at issue. However, this complaint stands out because it seeks to hold Facebook liable not only for the content of third parties but also for the effect its personalized machine-learning algorithms—or “services”— have had on the ability of terrorists to execute attacks. In alleging that Facebook’s actual services, as well as its publication of content, allow terrorists to more effectively execute attacks, the complaint seeks to negate the applicability of § 230 immunity. This Note argues that Facebook’s services—specifically the personalization of content through machine-learning algorithms—constitute the “development” of content and as such do not qualify for § 230 immunity. This Note analyzes the evolution of § 230 jurisprudence to help inform the development of a revised framework. This framework is guided by congressional and public policy goals and creates brighter lines for technological immunity. It tailors immunity to account for user data mined by ISPs and the pervasive effect that the use of that data has on users—two issues that courts have yet to confront. This Note concludes that under the revised framework, machine-learning algorithms’ content organization— made effective through the collection of individualized data—make ISPs codevelopers of content and thus bar them from immunity.

Abstract: This chapter examines Wittgenstein’s early and later views on ethics in light of the development of his views on philosophical method. I begin by discussing certain continuous features of Wittgenstein’s views, in particular his conception that philosophy can offer only reminders and clarifications, not give a foundation for language, thought or ethics, with the first section introducing Wittgenstein’s notions of the personal character and groundlessness of ethics. The second section examines Wittgenstein’s early account of the possibility and nature of ethics and his account of a happy life, conceived in abstract and general terms as the problem of the relation of the will to reality. Following this, I discuss his later rejection of the early account, and its replacement with a different one that treats the problem of the relation of the will to reality as a particular aspect of ethics, rather than as its underlying essence. The final section is concerned with Wittgenstein’s views on ethical justification. I argue that. although Wittgenstein does regard ethical justifications as inconclusive, neither this nor the personal character and groundlessness of ethics imply relativism.

Abstract: This chapter describes the development of the Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL), which is a proficiency assessment tool for Chinese learners. It is divided into four major sections. First, a brief background of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language in Taiwan is provided together with the historical development of the Chinese Proficiency Test (CPT) and the Test of Proficiency-Huayu (TOP), which were the predecessors of the TOCFL. The second section discusses issues that the TOCFL research team faced in its effort to map the test to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). The third section then discusses four challenging issues that the TOCFL research team has faced over the years in its effort to develop and maintain a standardized CSL/CFL test. The final section presents some washback effects of the TOCFL and work in progress.

Abstract: A section on “world religions” (WRs) is now routinely included in the religion chapters of introductory sociology textbooks. Looking carefully at these WR sections, however, two things seem puzzling. The first is that the criteria for defining a WR varies considerably from textbook to textbook; the second is that these WRs sections contain little or no sociology. These puzzles are resolved, however, once we understand that under the guise of promoting “diversity,” these sections are really affirming the universality of what has long been identified as a distinctively modern and very Western view of religion. The article concludes with some practical suggestions for improving the religion chapters in introductory textbooks. One such suggestion is that paying more attention to Native American “religion” would be a useful way of introducing students to the view that religion is a social construction that has no stable transhistorical and transcultural meaning.

Abstract: The Anonymus Londiniensis is a first-hand masterpiece in the History of Philosophy and Science. In this article my aim is to give an updated and critical account of the papyrus, and to expound the arguments which seem more appropriate to bolster the thesis that two works today lost served as the basis for the Londiniensis : a part of the second section of the Londiniensis papyrus would have been mainly shaped according to an Aristotelian text, whereas the third section of the papyrus would have relied on another different source.

Abstract: There was an error published in J. Exp. Biol. 220 , [3478-3487][1]. The author contributions section was incorrect. The corrected section is below. Conceptualization: C.R., E.R., C.V., J.A.R.; Methodology: C.R., E.R., C.V.; Software: E.R.; Investigation: C.R., E.R., C.V.; Writing - original draft

Abstract: See PDF file for more information.

Abstract: A data-to-be-recorded generating section generates a piece of data-to-be-recorded by associating an emotion level of a user estimated through an emotion level estimating section with a piece of lifelog data obtained through a lifelog data obtaining section. A log managing section manages whether the piece of data-to-be-recorded should be stored in a memory device based on a selectivity based on the emotion level.

Abstract: Debates about presidential greatness have been with us for decades, facilitated in part by numerous systematic surveys of scholars with expertise in American history and politics. Nevertheless, the voice of political scientists in this debate has been relatively muted when compared particularly with the role that historians have had in making these determinations. This article introduces and assesses results of a recent effort to capture the attitudes of political science presidency experts about presidential greatness. By surveying the membership of the APSA Presidents and Executive Politics section, we could identify and then compare specifically the attitudes of political scientists against the growing body of ratings and rankings of a phenomenon with long-standing interest and importance.

Abstract: This chapter contains an outline of Robin Matthews’s life, education, and career. The first section discusses his principal publications during his first years at Cambridge (1949–1965). The highlight publication of his Oxford years (1965–1975) was his explanation in 1968 of why Britain had had full employment since the war. Section 4 covers his years back in Cambridge as Master of Clare (1975–1993) and as Professor of Political Economy (1980–1991). Section 5 concerns Robin and chess, and the final sections cover his other activities and his last illness.

Abstract: This is a paper about the ambivalent relationships we can have with the landscapes we grew up in, with senses of belonging and nationality, and with memory itself. To approach and specify these themes, the paper aims to practise a particular form of landscape writing, prioritising individualised voice and perception to advance its arguments. Autobiographical and narrative-based in approach, the paper offers a sequence of reflections on questions of religion, culture, migration and identity in an Irish context. A middle section separately identifies and discusses ideas of perspective and the vanishing point as a specific interpretative pivot for the paper. In the final section, the paper situates and more widely re-contextualises its concerns regarding questions of landscape and belonging.