Abstract: This is an updated version of the research-oriented Chapter 6 on Approximate Dynamic Programming. It will be periodically updated as new research becomes available, and will replace the current Chapter 6 in the book’s next printing. In addition to editorial revisions, rearrangements, and new exercises, the chapter includes an account of new research, which is collected mostly in Sections 6.3 and 6.8. Furthermore, a lot of new material has been added, such as an account of post-decision state simplifications (Section 6.1), regression-based TD methods (Section 6.3), feature scaling (Section 6.3), policy oscillations (Section 6.3), λ-policy iteration and exploration enhanced TD methods, aggregation methods (Section 6.4), new Q-learning algorithms (Section 6.5), and Monte Carlo linear algebra (Section 6.8). This chapter represents “work in progress.” It more than likely contains errors (hopefully not serious ones). Furthermore, its references to the literature are incomplete. Your comments and suggestions to the author at dimitrib@mit.edu are welcome. The date of last revision is given below.

Abstract: SECTION I: INTRODUCTION SECTION II: PERSPECTIVES SECTION III: FORMS OF PARTICIPATION IN PRACTICE SECTINO IV: PROCESSES AND OUTCOMES SECTION V: POLICY AND COMPARATIVE ISSUES

Abstract: Only data that are available via publications—and, to a certain extent, via presentations at conferences—can contribute to progress in the life sciences. However, it has long been known that a strong publication bias exists, in particular against the publication of data that do not reproduce previously published material or that refute the investigators’ initial hypothesis. The latter type of contradictory evidence is commonly known as ‘negative data.’ This slightly derogatory term reflects the bias against studies in which investigators were unable to reject their null hypothesis (H0), a tool of frequentist statistics that states that there is no difference between experimental groups. Researchers are well aware of this bias, as journals are usually not keen to publish the nonexistence of a phenomenon or treatment effect. They know that editors have little interest in publishing data that refute, or do not reproduce, previously published work—with the exception of spectacular cases that guarantee the attention of the scientific community, as well as garner extra citations (Ioannidis and Trikalinos, 2005). The authors of negative results are required to provide evidence for failure to reject the null hypothesis under numerous conditions (e.g., dosages, assays, outcome parameters, additional species or cell types), whereas a positive result would be considered worthwhile under any of these conditions (Rockwell et al, 2006). Indeed, there is a dilemma: one can never prove the absence of an effect, because, as Altman and Bland (1995) remind us, ‘absence of evidence is not evidence of absence’. It has been demonstrated that studies reporting positive, or significant, results are more likely to be published, and outcomes that are statistically significant have higher odds of being fully reported (Dwan et al, 2008). Negative results are more likely than positive results to be published in journals with lower impact factors (Littner et al, 2005). Many of you have experienced this phenomenon yourselves—often scientists mention in conversation that they ‘were not able to reproduce’ a particular finding, a statement that is very often countered by the question ‘Why did you not publish this? It would have been important for me to know.’ Publication bias has been systematically investigated, particularly in clinical trials (e.g., Liebeskind et al, 2006). Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have exposed the problem, as they are heavily confounded by this phenomenon (Sutton et al, 2000). Given a sufficiently large number of original studies, meta-analysis can even quantify the bias attributable to unpublished data. Where this has been done—for example, with Egger plots and trimand-fill analysis (Duval and Tweedie, 2000)—imputation of the probable results of the unpublished experiments not only reveals the amount of missing data but also estimates ‘true’ effect sizes resulting from the inclusion of the missing data. Quite commonly, a substantial proportion of the existing data appears to be missing. Inclusion of the modeled missing data into the meta-analysis sometimes results in a complete loss of the published effect of an intervention or the existence of a phenomenon. In many cases effect sizes shrink dramatically, hinting at the fact that very often the literature represents the ‘positive’ tip of an iceberg, whereas unpublished data loom below the surface. Such missing data would have the potential to have a significant impact on our pathophysiological understanding or treatment concepts. Only recently have systematic reviews been introduced into experimental medicine. Indeed, the stroke and cerebrovascular fields have pioneered this movement. These systematic reviews have exposed various sources of bias and produced the first indications that publication bias is highly prevalent (Macleod et al, 2004). Macleod and colleagues have now, for the first time, quantified publication bias in animal stroke studies and demonstrated that it leads to major overstatements of efficacy (Sena et al, 2010). The phenomenon of publication bias has long been known and long been bemoaned. Its substantial negative impact on science has been quantified. But how can we improve this lamentable situation, which may contribute greatly to our difficulties in translating bench findings to the bedside? The impetus must now come from the journals and publishers (De Maria, 2004; Diguet et al, 2004; Dirnagl, 2006; Knight, 2003). To our knowledge, only one journal in the neurosciences, Neurobiology of Aging, has thus far formally addressed the problem of negative Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2010) 30, 1263–1264 & 2010 ISCBFM All rights reserved 0271-678X/10 $32.00

Abstract: Provided is an industrial robot system which enables a reduction in an installation/adjustment period, and an increase in a no-error continuous operation period, and includes an action planning section (4) for temporary halts, an error-inducing-task restraining section (5), a section (6) for teaching task, an operation mastering section (7), a hand library (8), an optimum-task-operation generating section (11), a specific task library (9), an error-recovery-task teaching section (12), an error recovery library (10), a finger-eye-camera measurement section (32), a three-dimensional recognition section (33), a controller (30), a manipulator (31), and a universal hand contained in a manipulation device group (34)

Abstract: METHODOLOGY 11 Identify probable and possible errors 11 Calculate the injury and error rates and extrapolate to the U.S. population 12 Establish a control group for each error group 13 Inpatient injuries 13 Outpatient injuries 14 Measure the medical cost difference per injury 15 Measure the mortality and disability cost difference per injury 15 Inpatient mortality cost difference per injury 16 Disability cost difference per injury 16 Pressure ulcers 17 Data reliance 19 RESULTS 20 Calculations example: postoperative infection 26 Injury frequency 26 Measurable medical cost of medical injury 27 Inpatient mortality cost of medical injury 28 Short-term disability cost of medical injury 31 Overall results 32 Detailed results by medical injury type 36 REFERENCES 37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the following individuals who supported this work with their time and expertise:  The SOA's Project Oversight Group worked through many of the difficult issues with us and guided decisions for methodology. The members of this group are listed below:

Abstract: Introduction Section One: What is a Microfinance Institution? Section 11 Village Banks Section 12 Trust and Group Lending Section 13 Focus on Women Section 14 High Interest Rates, Subsidy, and Financial Sustainability Section 15 Qualified Leadership Section 16 Types of MFIs Section Two: Criticisms of Microfinance Section 21 Does Not Reach the Poorest Section 22 Not Financially Sustainable Section 23 Potentially Harmful to Women Section 24 Creates Large Debt Section 25 Not Universal in Application Section Three: Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation Section 31 Increase in Income Section 32 Better Nutrition Section 33 Higher School Attendance Section 34 Women’s Empowerment Section 35 Lifts Poor Out of Poverty Section 36 Integrated Programs Conclusion References 2 Rollins Undergraduate Research Journal, Vol 2 [2010], Iss 1, Art 9 http://scholarshiprollinsedu/rurj/vol2/iss1/9

Abstract: Chapter 1. Background for a Theory of Personality in Intimate Relationships and Psychopathology Section I. Requirements for the Theory Chapter 2. Reducibility to Known Psychological Constructs Chapter 3. Verifiability and Accountability: Applications to Non-clinical and Clinical Populations Section II. Meta-theoretical Assumptions Chapter 4. The Horizontality of Relationships: A Width Model1 Chapter 5. The Verticality of Relationships: A Depth Model2 Chapter 6. Settings as Contexts for Relationships: Model3 Section III. Assumptions of the Theory: Processes and Contents Chapter 7. Space and the Ability to Love: Model4 Chapter 8. Time and the Ability to Negotiate: Models5,6 Chapter 9. Contents of what is Exchanged: Model7 Section IV. Models of the Theory: Back to Processes Chapter 10. Developmental Self-differentiation: Model8 Chapter 11. Styles in Intimate Relationships: Model9 Chapter 12. Selfhood: The Attribution of Importance: Model10 Chapter 13. Priorities: What is Really Important? Model11 Section V. Applications of the Theory Chapter 14. Distance Regulation: Model12 Chapter 15. The Drama Triangle: Model13 Chapter 16. Intimacy: Sharing of Hurts, Model14 Chapter 17. Negotiating: How to Solve Problems, Model15 Chapter 18. AConcluding Model16 and a Comparative Model17 Section VI. Conclusion Chapter 19. Evaluation of the Theory Chapter 20. The Future of the Theory

Abstract: INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS SECTION 1: CONTEXTS SECTION 2: WORKS SECTION 3: POETIC CRAFT SECTION 4: SOURCES AND INFLUENCES SECTION 5: RECEPTION INDEX

Abstract: Foreword: Contribution to Teacher Education, Marilyn Cochran-Smith Foreword: Contribution to Social Studies, Stephanie van Hover and Keith C. Barton Foreword: Contribution to Multicultural Pedagogy, Alexandra C. Rolfsmeyer and Adam J. Greteman Introduction: How to Use This Book Section 1: Purposes, Beliefs, and Contexts in Social Studies Education Section 2: Democratic Values and Government Section 3: Evidence and Interpretation in History Section 4: History in Social Context Section 5: Perspective Consciousness about Identity, Power and Culture Section 6: Local and Global Communities and Economies Section 7: Current Events and Controversies Section 8: Using a Range of Resources Section 9: Instruction and Designing Curriculum Conclusion: The present and future of Teaching Methods in Social Studies and Diversity Education: Teaching Methods in Social Studies and Diversity Education: A Critical Review Appendices

Abstract: Chapter 1 Preface Chapter 2 Introduction: The Disputed Origins Chapter 3 Section I: Debates in Antiquity Chapter 4 Section II: Late Antiquity and Middle Ages: Christian Appropriation, Codification, and Female Imagery Chapter 5 Section III: In the modernus University, 1100s -1500 Chapter 6 Section IV: The Humanist and Collegiate Traditions Chapter 7 Section V: Humanist, Scholastic, and Sectarian Strains in the Colonial College Chapter 8 Section VI: Intellectual and Social Challenges to the College, 1790s-1850s Chapter 9 Section VII: Struggle between the University and the College, 1860s-1900s Chapter 10 Section VIII: Experimentation and Search for Coherence, 1910s-1930s Chapter 11 Section IX: The "Emerging Curricular Blueprint" of the Mid-Twentieth Century Chapter 12 Section X: Approaching the Past in the New Millennium Chapter 13 Glossary of Names Chapter 14 Index

Abstract: Section I - Diseases and Disorders Section II - Procedures and Techniques Section III - Differential Diagnosis Section IV - Laboratory Tests Section V - Clinical Algorithms Section VI - Drug Formulary

Abstract: In one embodiment, a file includes data that is divided into a plurality of sections, and each section may include metadata that includes the revision history for that section. A specific section of the file may be selected and its revision history queried. In response to such a query, the revision history for the selected section is extracted from the section metadata and may be displayed. If a portion of a section has been copied from a source section and pasted into a target section, the section metadata for the target section may be updated to include information about the source section. For each change to the section data, the section metadata may also include a version number, a revision date and time, a revision author and the actual insertion, deletion or other change to the section data.

Abstract: This book presents a provocative debate between parapsychological advocates who claim that Western science's worldview is incomplete, and counteradvocates who insist that parapsychological data is either spurious or can be explained by standard scientific principles. * Includes contributions from 14 scholars weighing in as advocates, counteradvocates, or contributors * 20 examples of original artwork by Dierdre Luzwick, a world-class surrealistic artist * The bibliography contains a reference list at the end of each contributor's section * A glossary of key terms used in the book is supplied

Abstract: The third volume of The Hackett Aquinas, a series of central philosophical treatises of Aquinas in new, state-of-the-art translations accompanied by a thorough commentary on the text.

Abstract: SECTION I. Research in Nonprofit and Public Programs: The Basics Chapter 1. Research in Public and Nonprofit Programs: The Basics Chapter 2. Measurement Chapter 3. Ethical Treatment of Research Subjects SECTION II. Performance Measurement Systems: Their Design and Analysis Chapter 4. Designing Performance Measures and Monitoring Systems Chapter 5. Analyzing Performance Measures SECTION III. Citizen Surveys: Their Design and Analysis Chapter 6. Selecting and Contacting Subjects Chapter 7. Questions and Questionnaire for Surveys and Interviews Chapter 8. Analyzing Survey Data: Describing Relationships Among Variables Chapter 9. Generalizing from Survey Findings: Applying Inferential Statistics Chapter 10. Analyzing Interviews and Open-Ended Questions SECTION V. Programs and Communities Chapter 11. Research to Evaluate Programs Chapter 12. Community Needs Assessment Chapter 13. Working with Geographic Information Systems Chapter 14. Communicating Findings

Abstract: Section I: What Is Public Policy? Chapter 1: Public Decision Making Chapter 2: Why Is It So Hard to Make the World a Better Place? Section II: Why We Do What We Do Chapter 3: Understanding Individual Behavior: Rational Man and Woman Chapter 4: Understanding Group Behavior: Collective Action Chapter 5: Evaluating Social Welfare Section III: Markets and Government Chapter 6: The Political Process Chapter 7: The Market System Chapter 8: The Role of Government Section IV: Tools for Analysis Chapter 9: Gathering and Measuring Information Chapter 10: Basic Data Analysis Chapter 11: Introduction to Regression Analysis Chapter 12: Benefit-Cost Analysis Chapter 13: Program Evaluation Section V: Making Policy Chapter 14: The Role of Institutions Chapter 15: Policy Design

Abstract: This volume provides an overview of four currently booming areas in the discipline of corpus linguistics. The first section is concerned with studies of the history and development of morphological and syntactic phenomena in English, Spanish, and Mandarin Chinese. The second section contains case studies investigating the functions and contexts of use of different morphological and syntactic forms in English, Spanish, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese. The third section contains studies in the field of genre and register from settings as diverse as health, call center, academic, and legal discourse. The final section features papers refining existing, and exploring new, corpus-linguistic methods: dispersions, text mining, corpus similarity, as well as the development of extraction patterns and the evaluation of tagging methods.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus comprising: an automatic document feeding apparatus which conveying a document that has a part written by pigment that becomes colorless when heated and is loaded in a document tray to a sheet discharge location via a conveying path that passes through a prescribed reading out position; a reading section for obtaining an image information by reading out optically from the document which is conveyed by the automatic document feeding apparatus at the reading out position; a storage section for storing the image information obtained by reading the document in the reading section; and a heating unit for heating the document in a temperature of the pigment becomes colorless on a downstream side of the reading out position while the document passing through the conveying path.

Abstract: @contents: Selected Contents Introduction Section 1: The Nazi Takeover and Persecution in Hitler's Reich to 1939 Section 2: Germany's Racial War in Poland and the Soviet Union, 1939-1941 Section 3: The Final Solution in Europe Section 4: The Responses from Victims, Bystanders, and Rescuers Section 5: The Holocaust in Law, Culture, and Memory Conclusion Index

Abstract: Section I: Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction to the volume 1.2 The Sources Section II: Overview of Second Temple History Chapter 2. History Section III: Various Currents within Judaism Chapters 3-6 Section IV: Conclusion Chapter 7. Conclusion.

Abstract: Changing the System is piece by American composer Christian Wolff for a variable number of musicians. It was written in the early 1970s when Wolff’s music was undergoing certain changes and attempting to address the changing political situation around him. This chapter looks at the piece, Changing the System, both in terms of its constituent parts and materials, and in the broader context of experimental and indeterminate musical traditions and their relationship with ‘political’ art. The final section compares Wolff’s work with Luigi Nono, Hans Werner Henze, and Cornelius Cardew, as well as the broader issues of time and participation within avant-garde practices.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To properly understand animal emotion even when not being around the animal. SOLUTION: The animal emotion display system 100 includes a transmitter 10 which is attached to the animal and a receiver 20 which is capable of communicating with the transmitter 10, wherein the transmitter 10 includes an animal movement detection sensor 12 to detect each of a plurality of kinds of movements of the animal, and a transmitting section 15 to transmit emotion data corresponding to the respective kinds of the movements detected by the movement detection sensor 12 to the exterior. The receiver 20 includes a receiving section 22 to receive the emotion data transmitted by the transmitting section 15 and a display control section 24 to display a display content corresponding to the emotion data received by the receiving section 22 on the display section 25. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Abstract: An image display apparatus according to the present invention comprises: a face detection section detecting a face image within a photographed image; a classification section classifying the photographed image by a pattern of the face image and a color or a pattern under the face image; and a display control section displaying an image of the same face with the different color or pattern according to the classification by the classification section, and displays images of the same person among the plurality of images classified by the classification section at the same time or sequentially in the display of the display control section.

Abstract: A method is presented for preserving metadata during an undo operation at a client computer A first section of a document is modified on a word processing application on the client computer by performing one or more user actions in the first section of the document While modifying the first section of the document, metadata is received at the client computer for a second section of the document The metadata is inserted into the second section of the document After the metadata is inserted into the second section of the document, an undo operation is performed on the word processing application The undo operation includes the steps of removing the metadata from the second section of the document, undoing the last user action of the one or more user actions in the first section of the document and restoring the metadata for the second section of the document

Abstract: Provided is a remote commander including an input section which accepts input of operation information, a communication section which communicates with a control target device via a radio signal, a display section, an operation information acquisition section which acquires the operation information through the input section, a command notification section which creates a notification command based on the operation information acquired by the operation information acquisition section, and notifies the control target device of the created notification command through the communication section, an operation result acquisition section which acquires a result obtained by execution of processing performed by the control target device in accordance with the notification command, as an operation result from the control target device through the communication section, and a display control section which causes the display section to display the operation result acquired by the operation result acquisition section.