Abstract: Section I - New Robot Technologies for Kids Chapter 1 - To Mindstorms and Beyond: Evolution of a Construction Kit for Magical Machines Chapter 2 - Robot Entertainment Chapter 3 - PETS: A Personal Electronic Teller of Stories Chapter 4 - Bolts from the Blue: How Large Dreams Can Become Real Products Section II - Innovative Approaches to Using Robots for Education Chapter 5 - Teaching Diverse Learners Using Robotics Chapter 6 - Technological Prayers: Parents and Children Exploring Robotics and Values Chapter 7 - "So That'S what Pi is for!" and Other Epiphanies from Hands-on Robotics Chapter 8 - Eat, Sleep, Robotics Chapter 9 - RoboCamp: One Hands-On Week of Exploring Science Through Robotics Section III - Future Visions Chapter 10 - The Landscape of Robots for Kids

Abstract: Chapter 1 Introducing Transformative Curriculum Leadership SECTION I Two Fundamental Challenges Chapter 2 Reconceptualizing Subject Matter Standards Chapter 3 Cultivating Reflective Inquiry SECTION II Four Interrelated Decision-Making Processes Chapter 4 Designing and Planning for 3S Education Chapter 5 Teaching for 3S Understanding Chapter 6 Evaluating 3S Education Chapter 7 Organizing for 3S Education SECTION III Sustaining the Curriculum Wisdom Problem Solving Chapter 8 Building Local Learning Communities Chapter 9 Engaging the Broader Public Sphere

Abstract: Introduction Section 1: What is a City? Section 2: What is Culture? Section 3: Symbolic Economies and New Urban Spaces Section 4: The Culture Industry Section 5: Culture and Technologies Section 6: Everyday Lives Section 7: Contesting Identity Section 8: Boundaries and Transgressions Section 9: Utopias and Dystopias Section 10: Possible Futures

Abstract: At the beginning of 2000, the U.S. economy was enjoying the longest period of sustained growth and economic prosperity in its history. According to The Internet Upheaval, part of the explanation for this phenomenon is a consequence of how information technologies, in particular the Internet, are upending fundamental economic and social structures.These research studies explore some of the telecommunications policy ramifications of this upheaval. The first section addresses the complexities of adapting the First Amendment to the Internet, the debate over the taxation of e-commerce, and Internet users' attitudes toward online privacy. The second section looks at how the Internet has changed, or will change, traditional models used by economists, sociologists, and others to explain how the world works. The third section discusses the need for new economic models to deal with the rapidly changing competitive landscape. Finally, the fourth section examines economic and policy aspects of universal service.Contributors Mark S. Ackerman, James C. Brent, Barbara A. Cherry, Benjamin M. Compaine, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Irina Dmitrieva, Robert S. Gazzale, Austan Goolsbee, Shane Greenstein, R. Glenn Hubbard, Jed Kelko, Steven G. Lanning, William Lehr, Douglas Lichtman, Jeffrey K. MacKie-Mason, Paul Milgrom, Bridger Mitchell, Geoffrey Myers, W. Russell Neuman, Shawn R. O'Donnell, Joseph Reagle, Michael Riordan, Juan F. Riveros, Gregory L. Rosston, Padmanabhan Srinagesh, Linda O. Valenty, Bradley S. Wimmer.

Abstract: There is plenty of information about military dress in Roman Britain and the rest of the Roman Empire, but the evidence for civilian dress has not been comprehensively looked at since the 1930s. In this richly illustrated survey Alexandra Croom describes the range and style of clothing worn throughout the Western Roman Empire and shows how fashions changed between the first and sixth centuries. After a short introduction to the evidence (from archaeology, art and literature), and to the manufacture of clothing and its use in status display, she systematically treats male and female dress, looking at the tunic, toga, mantle and cloaks; underwear, footwear and specialist wear; hats, hairstyles and jewellery. The book concentrates on the clothing worn in Italy and the Mediterranean region, but includes a section on provincial fashions.

Abstract: This article1 covers the role of the Supreme Courts in the “Scandinavian” countries. In the Scandinavian meaning of the word, “Scandinavia” connotes only Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, but internationally, the same term is often used to describe a geographical area including Finland and Iceland as well. In this essay, “Scandinavia” is equivalent to “the five Nordic countries.” The next part, Section 2, contains a general background and some similarities and differences regarding Scandinavian procedure(s) and the role of the Supreme Courts. Section 3 is a discussion and analysis of two general questions: what purposes (“public” and “private”) are the Supreme Courts intended to achieve, and what purposes are they really achieving in practice? The analysis is made against the background of the role of courts and the four purposes of procedure in general. Section 4 contains a short summary and some concluding remarks. In Section 5, the factual background is added as an Appendix.

Abstract: An on-screen Chinese phonetic keyboard includes a function key section, an initial consonant key section, a vowel key section and a candidate section. The function key section is configured to allow on-line editing. The initial consonant key section is configured to enter an initial consonant of a desired Chinese character. The vowel key section includes less than 18 compound vowels and is configured to enter a vowel of the desired Chinese character. The candidate section is configured to enter the desired Chinese character. A method of entering a symbol of English keyboard before and after entering a Chinese character via the on-screen Chinese keyboard includes switching automatically to an English display mode in the candidate section of the on-screen Chinese keyboard; and selecting the symbol of English keyboard in the candidate section. A method of entering a Chinese phrase containing at least 3 Chinese characters includes entering the spelling of a first and a second characters of the Chinese phrase, displaying automatically all phrases from the database whose first two characters' spelling is identical to that entered by a user, and selecting the Chinese phrase shown in the candidate section.

Abstract: A character display apparatus of the present invention includes: a display device having a plurality of pixels; and a control section for controlling the display device. Each of the pixels includes a plurality of sub-pixels arranged along a predetermined direction. A corresponding one of a plurality of color elements is pre-assigned to each of the sub-pixels. The control section displays a character on the display device by independently controlling the color elements respectively corresponding to the sub-pixels.

Abstract: An image capturing and printing apparatus, is provided with an electronic camera section having an image capturing device for photographic a object image to be photographed so as to convert the photographed object image into image signals; a printing section structured so as to be detachably attached to the electric camera section and having a printer for conducting printing based on the image signals received from the electronic camera section; and the electronic camera section having an engaging section adapted to mechanically engages with the printing section, and a connecting section adapted to electronically connect with the printing section.

Abstract: 1 Since Ralph Radach provided extremely valuable support and comments during the course of writing, the first two authors decided to adopt him as a co-author of this paper.

Abstract: Abstract The premiss ‘one state, one nation, one language’ seems an obvious one to the vast majority of French people, with the possible exception of some in areas where regional languages were and continue to be spoken. The aim of this chapter is to discover why this view of citizenship is so generally accepted and whether this is a permanent feature of French life. It is also to investigate whether there is credible political opposition to this view from the proponents of the regional languages. Before suggesting an answer, a number of issues have to be addressed. The first is conceptual: how the French define the terms ‘state’, ‘nation’, ‘people’, and ‘nationalism’ and how these concepts relate to language (Section 3.2). The second issue is to consider the languages other than French that were spoken in Prance, in what contexts they were and are spoken, and their links with nationalism (Section 3.3). It is also necessary to understand how French emerged as a distinct language (Section 3.4.), how the concept of a nationally imposed ‘French’ language developed, and how extensive legislation ensured that it became closely identified with nationhood (Section 3.5).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to selectively display a pre-determined set of contents for a specific class of devices. The apparatus includes an image generator, a section identifier and a section manipulator. The image generator generates an image of a pre-determined rendition of the set of contents; the section identifier identifies a section in the contents based on a preference of the provider of the set of contents; and the section manipulator re-formats the identified section to generate a new rendition, depending on a characteristic of the specific class of devices and a preference of the provider. After the re-formatting, the new rendition is displayed on the specific class of devices.

Abstract: A character processing apparatus has a font storage area with at least fonts for representative characters stored therein, and a character information table with storage address for the fonts, no-font information or the like stored therein. A retrieving section is provided for receiving arbitrary inputted character code, referring to storage address information or no-font information in the character information table, and outputting the storage address information corresponding to character code for a representative character having the same group number and the same type information as that of the retrieved character code according to type information as well as to group information when there is no-font information. A display control section and a display section are included for receiving a corresponding font from the font storage area and displaying a character for the arbitrary character code on a screen according to the storage address information inputted from the retrieving section.

Abstract: The current version of the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), introduced in 1991, includes four sections: Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences, Verbal Reasoning, and Writing Sample. The Writing Sample assesses skills in organizing thoughts and presenting ideas in a cohesive manner, and provides evidence of analytic thinking and writing skills. Scoring is based on two 30minute essays about general topics. An example of an essay prompt is ‘‘In a free society, individuals must be allowed to do as they choose.’’ Each essay is holistically scored by two trained reviewers on a six-point scale with regard to specific criteria such as developing the central idea, synthesizing concepts logically, and writing clearly with good grammar, syntax, and punctuation. Essays receiving scores that differ by more than one point are re-evaluated by a third expert reviewer. The scores for the two essays completed by each examinee are summed and converted to an 11-point alphabetical scale ranging from J to T. According to reports by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), 98% of the essays are given identical scores or scores within one scale point of each other by the independent reviewers. The results of multi-institutional studies, conducted by the MCAT Validity Study Advisory Group, have been published and presented at professional meetings. However, while the need for additional studies of the psychometric properties of the MCAT continues, there is a particular need for study of the predictive power of the Writing Sample. The unique alphabetic scores of the Writing Sample discourage the usual correlational analyses used in validity studies. Although it is possible to convert the alphabetic scores to the integers from 1 to 11 by assuming that the letters constitute an interval scale, such an assumption might not be widely accepted. We designed the present study to examine the validity of the Writing Sample section of the MCAT for students at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We speculated that the ability to organize and express ideas effectively in writing could have relevance to the analytic and problem-solving skills demanded in clinical performance. Furthermore, such skills might also be related to a better presentation of one’s self, and to effective verbal expression of ideas, both of which are critical in promoting interpersonal relationships. Therefore, we hypothesized that scores on the Writing Sample would be associated more closely with indicators of clinical competence than with measures of achievement in basic sciences.

Abstract: SECTION I: INTRODUCTION THE TOOLS OF THE TRADE SECTION II: CASE STUDIES IN THE CLINICAL ENCOUNTER SECTION III: TEACHING AND RESEARCH SECTION IV: WIDER PERSPECTIVES

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a communication system where personality and character of a participant in a chat environment can be expressed, conversation with full of attendance feeling is conducted and the participant can enjoy a service such as translation and provision of related information. SOLUTION: A received message is distributed to each terminal via a message reception section 206 and a message transmission section 214. A motion of an avatar is controlled by an avatar operation control section 230 by referencing character information and character dependent action database 228 stored in an avatar information storage section 226 on the basis of a received motion instruction signal or message. Furthermore, a keyword extract section 210 extracts a keyword of conversation contents, an advertisement processing section 212 acquires related advertisement information and distributes it to each terminal. Moreover, a translation processing section 208 acquires a translation result of the message as required and transmits the translation result to the terminal. COPYRIGHT: (C)2001,JPO

Abstract: Abstract This paper addresses a number of issues surrounding the triggering of negative polariity items, in particular matters of scope and c-command. It is argued that triggering is sensitive to the scope of negation and negative operators, but that a syntactic treatment in terms of c-command is problematic, because semantic scope and syntactic c-command, no matter how we define the latter, and at which level we check it, do not see eye to eye on all the relevant cases. The paper is structured as follows: in section 2, I review the major issues in the study of polarity items, in section 3, I present a brief overview of the history of this field of inquiry, and in section 4, I move on to the main dish, a discussion of problems pertaining to matters of scope and c-command.

Abstract: Section 1 The life: the early years 1906-1927 the young writer 1928-1939 war and Watt 1939-1946 the siege in the room 1946-1953 fame 1953-1969 last years 1970-1989. Section 2 The work: the early prose 1929-1945 the post-war work 1945-1960 the later work 1960-1989. Section 3 Criticism: Beckett the Cartesian 1959-1969 the Beckett industry 1970-1980 theoretical Beckett 1980-1995 recent criticism 1995-.

Abstract: A learning history section (9) places restriction on a word dictionary storage section (6), a meaning/syntax analyzing grammar storage section (7), and a correction information storage section (13) according to the stored learning history, and narrows the extents of the syntax/semantic linguistic structure and vocabulary that the user uses less frequently. A speech recognition collating section (4) collates a feature vector by means of information stored in the word dictionary storage section (6) and the meaning/syntax analyzing grammar storage section (7) having high priority in the narrowed extents and thereby performs speech recognition.

Abstract: A document image scanning apparatus which can obtain a document image at the right timing by separating a hand image from the document image, even when a hand does not take off a document. The document image scanning apparatus consists of an image inputting apparatus and a document image scanning section. The document image scanning section consists of an image memorizing section, a movement detecting section, an image being still detecting section detecting that an inputted image became still, a hand region detecting section that detects the hand region, a hand region removing section that removes the hand region detected at the hand region detecting section, a hand movement feature extracting section that extracts features of hand movements, a document movement feature extracting section that extracts features of document movements, a turning pages or moving documents judging section that judges whether the movement is turning pages or moving documents by the features extracted at the hand movement feature extracting section and the document movement feature extracting section, a document region judging section that judges the document region based on the turning pages or moving documents movement, and a document image forming section that obtains a document image by cutting out the document image displayed when the inputted image being still is detected.

Abstract: Video data is segmented into a plurality of scenes. For each of the segmented scenes, an index is produced as an assembly of section information required in a playback of each scene, scene number, and representative frame of scene. A title is added to each index according to search purpose. In a retrieving operation, a desired index is easily found according to the title. The scenes of the retrieved index are successively played back in order of scene number.

Abstract: Contributing Authors Preface Section I: Assessment and Treatment Section II: Functional Brain Systems Section III: Syndromes and Disorders Inde

Abstract: An electronic mail terminal includes a display section, a conversion dictionary which stores sets of a character string and a pictograph, a receiving section and a control section. The conversion dictionary stores sets of a character string and a pictograph. The receiving section receives an electric mail including a sentence as a conversion object sentence in a reception mode. The control section automatically refers to the character string-pictograph conversion dictionary based on each of character strings of the conversion object sentence in the reception mode to retrieve a specific pictograph corresponding to the character string, when the pictograph corresponding to the character string is registered in the character string-pictograph conversion dictionary. Then, the control section converts the character string into the specific pictograph to produce a pictograph mixed sentence, and controls the display section to display the pictograph mixed sentence.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To conduct interactive operations having rich variations depending on the feeling condition of a user. SOLUTION: In a voice recognition section 2, user's voice is recognized and phoneme information of the voice is extracted. In an interactive control section 3, conceptual information of the words and the phrases included in the voice recognition result obtained by the section 2 is extracted. An image inputting section 6 photographs the face of the user and outputs face image information. In a physiological information inputting section 7, physiological information such as the pulse rate of the user is detected. Then, a user feeling information updating section 8 estimates the feeling of the user based on the phoneme, the conceptual, the face image and the physiological information. In the section 3 and a sentence generating section 4, an output sentence is generated and outputted to the user based on the estimated result of the feeling. COPYRIGHT: (C)2001,JPO

Abstract: Summary De Vetula, a poem that contains probability calculations on the throw of three dice, was written in the mid-thirteenth century. The poem was widely circulated, read and quoted. There is strong evidence that some of the medieval readers clearly understood how the probability calculations were obtained. Based on the discussion given here, it is put forward that an elementary probability calculus was established and known in Europe from about the year 1250. A translation of the relevant section of the poem is given.