Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine the success of a program designed to reduce the cesarean section rate in a rural community hospital, to identify reasons for any reduction in the rate and to identify any accompanying increases in the maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. DESIGN Longitudinal study of modes of delivery. SETTING A 44-bed community hospital with a medical staff of nine family physicians serving a population of 9000. PATIENTS All 1161 women who gave birth at the hospital from Jan. 1, 1985, to Dec. 31, 1989. Routinely recorded data were manually extracted from medical charts and entered into a computer database. INTERVENTION The guidelines of the National Consensus Conference on Aspects of Cesarean Birth (NCCACB) for vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC), management of breech presentation and the diagnosis of dystocia requiring cesarean section were introduced at the hospital in 1985. OUTCOME MEASURES The annual overall cesarean section rates and the rates among nulliparous women, multiparous women eligible for VBAC and multiparous women ineligible for VBAC. RESULTS The overall cesarean section rate decreased from 23% in 1985 to 13% in 1989 (p = 0.001). Among the nulliparous women the rate decreased from 23% to 12%, but the difference was insignificant (p = 0.069); this decrease was due to a drop in the number of dystocia-related cesarean sections. The rate among VBAC-eligible multiparous women decreased from 93% to 36% (p less than 0.001) because of an increased acceptance of VBAC by the patients and the physicians. The rate among multiparous women ineligible for VBAC was virtually unchanged. There were 20 neonatal transfers to an intensive care unit, with no tendency toward an increase over the study period. None of the mothers died; one newborn, of a nulliparous woman, died from a prolapsed umbilical cord. CONCLUSIONS The program was accompanied by a significant decrease in the cesarean section rate. Rural hospitals with facilities and personnel for emergency cesarean sections should consider the introduction of a similar program.

Abstract: 1Revised version of an invited address to Section F of the American Education Research Association, San Francisco, March 1989.

Abstract: A knowledge base management system and method for managing a knowledge base system which includes a primary data storage section storing received primary data. A change registration section records change data indicating which of the primary data has been changed. A data conversion section converts the primary data into secondary data which has a data format compatible with the knowledge base system. A knowledge base section has a secondary data storage section which stores the secondary data, and a reasoning calculation section accesses the secondary data based on a received retrieval inquiry. A knowledge management section controls the conversion section. Specifically, the knowledge management section controls the conversion section to convert the primary data corresponding to the secondary data to be accessed by the reasoning calculating section when the recorded change data indicates that the primary data corresponding to the secondary data to be accessed by the reasoning calculating section has been changed.

Abstract: Abstract This essay takes two notions of autonomy and two notions of explanation and argues that colours occur in explanations that fall. under all of them. The claim that colours can be used to explain anything at all may seem to some people an outrage. But their pessimism is unjustified and the orthodox dispositional view which may seem to support it, I shall argue, itself has difficulties. In broad terms, Section 2 shows that there exist good straight scientific laws of colour, constituting what one might call a phenomenal science. Section 3 offers a larger view of what we are doing when we attribute colours to things, a view which makes it a case of holistic explanation, similar in many ways to psychological explanation. Section 2 emphasizes the model of scientific explanation, and Section 3 the holistic model found in rational explanation; but it will emerge that colour explanation in different ways fits both models, as it also does the two principal notions of autonomy that the first section identifies.

Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a portable video telephone set acquiring required information (voice and video information) and sending a status of a user in real time by the video and voice information while the user is occupied in a job requiring his both hands. CONSTITUTION: A head set 5 is provided with a speaker section 7, a display section 10, a camera section 11, a microphone section 12 and a communication equipment 6. A cord 3 is connected to the head set 5 and an operation section 4 is connected to the cord 3. The speaker section 7 is fitted to one ear of the user and the display section 10 corresponds to one eye of the user. The display device 10, the camera section 11 and the microphone section 12 are fitted via turnable arms 8, 9 fitted to the speaker section 7. A battery section 15 is fitted to the head set 5 at the ear for which no speaker section 7 is fitted. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO&Japio

Abstract: PURPOSE:To allow the consumer to acquire desired information at a desired period by sending/receiving information through a transmission line between a supplier and the consumer. CONSTITUTION:A delivery side equipment 10 identifies an ID code of a signal sent from a consumer via a transmission line 20 and a collation section 3 collates the code with a required data in a consumer information bank 4. An analysis section 5 analyzes the content of the signal and an information retrieval section 6 selects designated information and reads it and after required signal processing is implemented, the result is sent to the consumer from a transmission section 9. Simultaneously, registers 11,12 apply prescribed processing to the information such as charging. A consumer side equipment 30 is provided with an input section 31, a transmission section 32 and a reception section 33 and stores the reception signal once to a storage device 34. Then the signal is read at a required period and the signal is subjected to required signal processing by a data expansion section 35 or a D/A converter section 36 and the result is displayed on a reproduction section 37. Thus, the consumer acquires desired information at any time.

Abstract: This chapter must begin with some qualifications. It does not represent original research and only makes limited use of Soviet sources. It attempts to assess some past and current thinking on the ‘nationalities question’ in 1917 among Western scholars. It is interpretative, and aims to raise questions about assumptions and approaches rather than provide answers. The chapter’s first section will address some theoretical problems associated with ethnicity and national identity, and the second half, in the light of this discussion, will look at the non-Russian national movements in 1917.

Abstract: The fundamental ideas of comparative quantitative social research from the international perspectives are mentioned in Introduction. Then a new method called cultural link analysis (abbreviated as CLA) is explained in section 2. CLA includes the following three subjects. The design of data, based on this CLA, i.e. the method of cross-societal five nations’ surveys is described in the next section 3. In the following sections, the analysis of data based on CLA are discussed. These topics are divided into two parts. In the first part, the formation of spatial link is depicted depending on the questions taken up in section 3. First, it emerges that Japanese-Americans in Hawaii make a linkage between Japanese and Americans. Then, it is shown that various links among the peoples in different cultures are found, depending on the questions used for analysis. Section 4 (I) Japanese Americans in Hawaii as a linkage between Japanese and Americans Section 4(II) Relational graphic representation of each population based on simple tabulation. How chains are found …1. Section 4(III) Relational graphic representation of each population based on the way of thinking and belief systems. How chains are found… 2. In the second part, the results of analysis for the peoples in different cultures are discussed, based on the idea of “link of questions” in section 5. Section 5(I) Analysis of various sets of questions Section 5(II) Analysis on various scales Section 6 Concluding remarks The discussions of temporal link are not described here because, this problem has been already discussed in details in the book of “DAIGO NIHONJIN NO KOKUMINSEI” (The Fifth Volume of Japanese National Character), by Research Committee of Japanese National Character, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics; IDEMITSU SHOTEN, April, 1992.

Abstract: IPfortran is a language designed to facilitate the programming of multi-process, data-parallel applications [BCS91]. Based on a message-passing paradigm, IPfortran extends Fortran with a small set of extensions. The duality of the send and receive operations is encapsulated in an infix operator (Section 2) or reducing functions (Section 3). With system-dependent message-passing pushed out of sight, code is streamlined and development time reduced. Errors in writing message-passing code are reduced by leaving the generation of the message-passing logic to the translator.

Abstract: This article attempts to show that the style and form of the myth in the Protagoras are suited to the speaker, and differentiate his practice from that of Socrates and other speakers whom Plato favours. After a study of general features of Platonic myth, that of Protagoras is contrasted with Diotima's, and a final section illustrates the difference of function.

Abstract: The manuscript Montpellier, Bibliotheque Interuniversitaire, Section Medecine, H 196 (hereafter called Mo) has long claimed a place as one of the musical monuments of the thirteenth century. It is one of the most comprehensive sources of the early motet and is by far the largest anthology of French three-voice motets. It has long been thought that Mo was compiled in a number of stages that reflect gradual changes in musical notation and style during the second half of the thirteenth century. This assumption has been used to date repertory, theorists and composers.

Abstract: Section I: Introduction to computers for anthropologists. Section II: Ethnography and organizational analysis in computer-assisted environments. Section III: Getting friendly with the computer. Section IV: Using computers for anthropological analysis. Section V: Teaching computer applications. Section VI: The future. Software appendix. Resources appendix. Computer databases available to anthropologists.

Abstract: Abstract The General Introduction has been organized in two sections. The first section discusses the definition of seasonality. In the second section a description of the state of the art is attempted together with an evaluation of the most important and promising ways to model seasonality. The part (Part I) also contains four ‘articles’. The first is an extract from the introduction to Hylleberg (1986) putting the discussion into a historical perspective, while the last article by Bell and Hillmer (1984) adds to this, and in addition, provides a survey and a discussion of some of the major issues involved in the seasonal adjustment of time series data. The two remaining articles by Wallis (1974) and Sims (1974) have since their publication probably become the most influential pieces of research written within this area in the last twenty years.

Abstract: This study has been long in the making, and the world has changed dramatically while we have been at work. We initially anticipated a substantial section on the Soviet-dominated Council for Mutual Eco

Abstract: The second section of this paper presents the basics of a presuppositional account of proper names in belief contexts. The first section provides some background motivation. The third elaborates on the notion of a normal name employed in the account. The final section contains brief discussions of some possible objections.

Abstract: A method for sorting, separating and indicating sections of an outputted stack, such as printed continuous paper web. A continuous web is outputted which includes a plurality of sections having pages therein. Page separation and section separation locations are determined upon the web wherein the size of each page in a section is equal and wherein the size of at least one section separator page disposed adjacent to a section separation location is unequal to the size of the other pages in the section. The web is folded at each of the subsequent page separation locations upon an alternating face to produce a zig-zag pattern. The section separator pages may be folded so that their size is greater than or less than the size of the pages in the section and the section separator pages may be cut so that their size is greater than or less than that of the pages in the section. The area of a section separator page overlapping or indented from the pages in the section may contain information descriptive of the section contents.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the map display easy to see with no overlap and proximity of characters regardless of the scale factor of the map display by setting the display priority for character data in advance, and providing a means detecting the overlap and proximity of characters CONSTITUTION:Map data of the necessary area are read into a read section 4 from a map data memory device 1 based on an instruction inputted via an input device 3, two or more nearby character data are detected by a proximity detection section 5, the display priority of the detected character data is judged by a priority judgment section 6, the information of the character data with low priority is applied to a thinning section 7, and the information is thinned out by the thinning section 7 and displayed on a display section 2

Abstract: PURPOSE:To surely substitute a defective sector with a substitute sector. CONSTITUTION:A user area 3 for recording data, substitute area 4 for substituting the user area, and a plurality of data management information areas 2 are provided on a disk medium 1, on and from which data can be recorded, reproduced, and erased, and a data management information area monitoring section 5 which checks the recorded state of data management information in the areas 2 is provided in a disk device which records the data management information indicating each positional information of defective sectors in the user area 3 and the substitute section of the substitute area 4 substituting defective sectors in each of the areas 2. The section 5 is constituted in such a way that, when the section 5 discriminates that the data management information recorded in one of the areas 2 contains a recording error, the section 5 erases the content of the area so that the contents of the areas 2 can become consistent with each other.

Abstract: This cookbook offers a selection of 50 recipes drawn from medieval manuscripts which have been adapted for the modern cook. Illustrated with scenes from medieval life, the dishes reflect the food eaten by many branches of society. The book ends with a section on herbs and medicines.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide the video edit device in which channel allocation for each cut and copy of a video image itself are not required by the user before edit. CONSTITUTION:When the user at first enters a cut sequence and information how to connect cuts to a story configuration section 103, a channel allocation section 105 allocates an input channel of an effect execution section 104 to each cut by using the information obtained from the story configuration section 103. A cut reproduction section 106 reproduces a video image in an video storage section 101 based on the channel allocation information and the cut information storage section 102 and inputs the video image to each channel of the effect execution section 104. The effect execution section 104 applies an effect such as wiping to each channel to execute the edit.

Abstract: In the U.S., there is no consistent relationship between what health scientists find and public policy. Some scientific findings are heralded and quickly incorporated into individual and political action. Other findings are ignored, and others are contradicted by policy. This paper explains this inconsistency in terms of individual reaction to hazards, media coverage of hazards, and different ability of individuals to respond to health information; political leaders' preference for high-technology science, distortion and opposition by commercial interests, bureaucratic maneuvering for power and resources; and uncertainty and asymmetry of some scientific findings.