Scrotum

Abstract: The male reproductive system consists of external reproductive organs, penis and scrotum, and internal reproductive organs: testes, a duct system, and accessory glands. The adult, paired testes produce both male sex hormones (androgens) and sperm cells (spermatogenesis). Androgens, primarily testosterone, are necessary for development and maintenance of male behavioral and physical manifestations and for spermatogenesis.

Abstract: Embryology of the Reproductive Organs. Intersexes. The Ovary: Anatomy, Congenital Anomalies, Vascular Lesions, Oophoritis, And Progressive and Regressive Processes. Cysts in and Around the Ovary. Ovarian Neoplasms. The Uterine Tube: Anatomy, Congenital Anomalies, Salpingitis, Cysts, And Neoplasms. The Uterus: Anatomic Features. Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus. The Uterus: Normal Postpartum Involution. The Uterus: Vascular Lesions, Endometrial Necrosis, Traumatic Lesions, Positional Changes, Uterine Rupture, And Postpartumlesions. The Uterus: Atrophy, Cysts, Metaplasia Hydrometra, Mucometra, Adenomyosis, Hyperplasia, And Neoplasia. Cervix, Vagina, And Vulva: Anatomy, Congenital Anomalies, Vascular Lesions, Inflammatory Lesions, Traumatic Lesions, Vagina Prolapse, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia, And Neoplasia. Scrotum and Testis: Anatomy and Congenital Anomalies. Scrotum, Spermatic Cord, And Testis: Vascular Lesions, Testicular Degeneration, And Inflammatory Lesions. Scrotum, Spermatic Cord, And Testis: Hypertrophic, Hyperplastic, And Neoplastic Lesions. Efferent Ductules, Epididymis, And Deferent Duct: Anatomy, Congenital Anomalies, Inflammatory Lesions, Atrophy, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia, Adenomyosis, And Neoplasia. Bulbourethral, Vesicular, And Prostate Glands: Anatomy, Congenital Anomalies, Cysts, Concretions, Inflammatory Lesions, Atrophy, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia, And Neoplasiz.Penis and Prepuce: Anatomy, Congenital Anomalies, Traumatic Lesions, Prolapse, Ulcers, Adhesions, Calculi, Degeneration of Retractor Penis Muscle, Phalloposthitis, Atrophy,And Neoplasms. Index.

Abstract: The extratesticular scrotal contents consist of the epididymis, spermatic cord, and fascia derived from the embryologic descent of the testis through the abdominal wall. As opposed to intratesticular masses, most extratesticular masses are benign. Cystic masses (including hydroceles, epididymal cysts, and varicoceles) are easily diagnosed with ultrasonography (US) and are benign. Epididymitis is a common extratesticular lesion as well as the most frequent cause of an acute scrotum. It may be either acute or chronic and can be potentially complicated by epididymo-orchitis or scrotal abscess. Findings include epididymal enlargement, skin thickening, hydroceles, and hyperemia. The epididymis can also be affected by sarcoidosis, a noninfectious granulomatous disorder. The most common extratesticular neoplasms are lipomas (most often arising from the spermatic cord) and adenomatoid tumors (most often found in the epididymis). Despite their relative rarity, malignant neoplasms do occur and include rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, mesothelioma, and lymphoma. These tumors are often large at the time of presentation. The US findings of solid masses are often nonspecific. Magnetic resonance imaging can be very helpful in the evaluation of some of these disorders, allowing for a more specific diagnosis in cases of lipoma, fibrous pseudotumor, and polyorchidism.