Scopula

Abstract: We present a checklist comprising 39 species of the genus Scopula (Geometridae, Sterrhinae) from Korea by adding four new records. One species Scopula paraconfusa Kim & Choi spec. nov. is described as new and three species S. butleri, S. disclusaria and S. hypochra are recorded to the Korean fauna for the first time. We provided the diagnosis for four species and male and female genitalia, if available.

Abstract: SYNOPSIS All stages (except conjugation) of the life cycle in Acineta tuberosa (Suctoria) were studied in the electron microscope Budding starts with the invagination of a small pellicular area near the opening of the vacuole and bearing rows of barren basal bodies Some of these basal bodies are incorporated into the swarmer-anlage and give rise to 8 rows of cilia, while the other basal bodies remain barren on the mother cell's side of the brood pouch They will provide their own genetic continuity and later give rise to the swarmer of the next generation Kineties are not spaced on the growing swarmer-anlage until their cilia are fully grown Further details on the stalk-forming crganelle and general features of the development of the larvae are given Metamorphosis starts with the formation of basal disc and stalk The stalk-forming material is released thru scopular pores into a tube-like mold formed by the scopula after having been pulled inward Later, scopula pores spread from the scopular area proper and move upward On their way to the apical part of the animal the cuticle is secreted The differentiation of tentacles is described and new observations regarding a possible mode of haptocyst formation are given The results are discussed with respect to the morphogenetic potentialities of cortical structures in general

Abstract: An electron microscopical study of two representative species of the peritrich family Scyphidiidae, Scyphidia ubiquita and S. inclinata n. sp., is presented. Special attention has been paid to the structure of the holdfast organelle of these ectoparasitic ciliates, the scopula. In both species, the scopular disc is a very prominent structure. Its adhesive surface (= the scopula proper) is covered by a pellicle which is highly modified, if compared with the rest of the body, and has quite flat pellicular pores. In S. ubiquita the scopular kinetosomes are rather anomalous in that they are of a much shorter shape than the rest of the somatic and buccal kinetosomes; and scopular cilia are not at all developed. The scopular surface secretes a substance for attachment of the ciliate to the surface of its host. In S. inclinata the scopular kinetosomes are of a size conforming to the kinetosomes of the rest of the body, and they give rise to long scopular cilia of typical ultrastructure. These cilia are firmly wedged among the microvilli of the surface of the host's body, assuring firm attachment of the ciliate. The structural peculiarities described for the two species may be regarded as genuine adaptations to the ectoparasitic way of life. Thanks to electron microscopic studies of different representatives of stalkforming sessiline peritrichs (e.g., on Campanella, Opercularia, and Zoothamnium by Faure-Fremiet, Rouiller & Gauchery, 1956a; on Epistylis, Opercularia, Carchesium, and Vorticella by Randall & Hopkins, 1962; on Epistylis, Zoothamnium, and Carchesium by Faur6-Fremiet, Favard & Carasso, 1962; to cite the most significant), the principles of organization of the scopula and the way it produces the stalk are well known in these ciliates. However, there have been no data available to date on the structure of this organelle in those peritrichs whose scopula is directly attached to the substrate throughout the whole time of their adult life, e.g., in some representatives of the family Ophrydiidae, the Lagenophryiidae, and in all members of the Scyphidiidae (Corliss, 1961). While a large number of papers based on light microscopal observations have been concerned with the formation and appearance of the stalk and lorica of peritrichs, the data on structure of the scopula in species of Scyphidia are very scarce. When looking for a comprehensive description, we have to go as far back as Faure-Fremiet's (1905) classical paper published 63 years ago. According to that old and yet still valid characterization of Faure-Fremiet's, the suckershaped scyphidian scopula contacts the surface of the host's body only by its free borders: from the vaulted center of the scopula extends a brush of 2-3 /, long, immobile cilia, which touch the surface of the host by their slightly swelled ends. The ends of the scopular cilia are supposed to be capable of secreting a substance which, in effect, glues the ciliate to the host's surface. Evidence for the secretion of such a substance was found in the fact that the swollen ends of the scopular cilia were stained by Congo red. No essential data have since been added to Faure-Fremiet's careful original observations. An electron microscopic study of scyphidians appears of interest, therefore, 1 Much of the work reported here was supported by National Science Foundation grants GB-2800 and GB-7013X awarded to the junior author. TRANS. AMER. MICROSC. Soc. 87(4): 493-509. 1968. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.142 on Fri, 10 Jun 2016 04:45:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 494 TRANS. AMER. MICROSC. SOC., VOL. 87, NO. 4, OCT. 1968 ' . ' '-'.' '' ''-" '.' S*.

Abstract: A study of entire/divided tarsal scopulae distribution was carried out on 28 genera of Thera phosinae . Although this character has been considered an important taxonomic tool for more than a century , present findings show that the scopula condition is related to spider size . These results call into question th e systematic value of tarsal scopula division . Fine structure of theraphosid scopula is described, being differen t from that previously described for Araneomorphae . Function and phylogeny of scopula condition are discussed . RESUMEN . Se realizo un estudio de la distribucion del caracter escopulas tarsales enteras/divididas en 2 8 generos de Theraphosinae . A pesar de que dicho catheter fue considerado importante en taxonomia durant e mas de un siglo, los resultados mostraron que la condicion de la escopula esta relacionada con el tamano de l a araiia . Estos resultados permiten cuestionar el valor sistematico de la condicion de las escopulas . Se describe l a estructura de la escopula de las terafosidas, encontrandose diferencias con las escopulas descriptas previamente para las Araneomorphae. Se discute la funcion y filogenia de los tipos de escopula . The structure and function of tarsal scopulae have been studied extensively in araneomorph spiders (Homann 1957 ; Foelix & Chu-Wan g 1975 ; Rovner 1978; Miller et al . 1988 ; Rosco e & Walker, 1991), and less thoroughly in Mygalomorphae. The structure of tarsal scopulae in Theraphosidae was discussed by F'oelix & ChuWang (1975) in Dugesiella Pocock 1901 and more recently studied by Roscoe & Walker (1991) i n Sericopelma rubronitens Ausserer 1875 and by Prentice (1992) in Aphonopelma paloma Prentice 1992 . Despite our limited knowledge, the tarsal scopulae condition has been used in Theraphosidae systematics for a long time . For more than a century the character "tarsa l scopulae entire or divided", has been widely use d in taxonomy of Theraphosidae to diagnose genera and subfamilies . Entire tarsal scopulae have homogeneous adhesive hairs analogous to thos e described as Type A by Rovner (1978) in Lycosa spp . Divided scopulae have a longitudinal ban d of long thick setae similar to Type B of Rovner (1978) . Beginning with Ausserer (1871), and Simon (1889, 1892) to the present, this character has been considered an important taxonomic tool . G. de Pikelin & Schiapelli (1973), following Aus serer (1871), considered it a key character of Ischnocolinae and pointed out that scopulae division is common in juveniles of all theraphosids, becoming entire in adults of some subfamilies (such as Theraphosinae) . Raven (1985) used entire/divided scopula to separate genera and group s in Theraphosidae and also studied anterior-posterior gradation of the character . Smith (1988 ) disregarded the scopula division, considering tha t in many theraphosids it only means immaturity , but later (Smith 1990) considered it an important taxonomic character for Ischnocolinae and Eumenophorinae . Perez-Miles (1992) polarized this character on the basis of ontogeny, concludin g that an entire scopula could be a synapomorph y of some genera of Theraphosinae . A study of entire/divided scopula distribution was carried out on most (28) genera of Theraphosinae, four of Aviculariinae and four of Harpactirinae . Fine structure of tarsal scopula of fiv e Uruguayan species from different genera is described and compared . The results of this study call into question the systematic and phylogenetic significance of the character . The function and phylogeny of tarsal scopulae in Theraphosinae are discussed .