TL;DR: Spina bifida was described in the medieval literature and was recognized even earlier and the frequency and social importance of the disease is reflected in an extremely voluminous literature.
Abstract: Spina bifida was described in the medieval literature and was recognized even earlier. Indeed, the association of foot deformities with sacral hypertrichosis may be the origin of the mythological figure of the satyr (v. Recklinghausen 1886). The frequency and social importance of the disease is reflected in an extremely voluminous literature. A bibliography of 2000 references was compiled by Ingraham et al. (1943). Brocklehurst (1971) gave a lucid review of early descriptions. Other comprehensive studies include those of Leveuf et al. (1937), Doran and Guthkelch (1961), Smith (1965), and others.