TL;DR: The results support the predictions for genetic control of sociality, but they are still consistent with social behavior at some level being determined by the environmental conditions at the nesting site.
Abstract: The evolution of sociality in insects holds a central place in evolutionary theory. By examining the phylogenetic patterns of solitary and social behavior and how they correlate with ecological variables, we may identify factors important in the evolution of sociality. In this study, we investigated historical and biogeographical patterns of sociality in a socially polymorphic bee species (one that demonstrates both social and solitary nesting behavior). This unique system allows for a more powerful examination of evolutionary transitions in sociality than interspecific studies of obligately social and solitary species. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis among populations of the halictine bee Halictus rubicundus and then identified relationships among mitochondrial DNA sequence data, sociality, environmental conditions at the nesting site, and geographic location of populations of this species. Within North America, populations of H. rubicundus expressing social and solitary behavior belong to different genetic lineages. Sociality is also correlated with at least one environmental variable used in this study. Taken together, the results support the predictions for genetic control of sociality, but they are still consistent with social behavior at some level being determined by the environmental conditions at the nesting site.
TL;DR: The fauna of Cercyon in Russia now comprises 47 species from 5 subgenera, most similar to C. conjiciens (Walker) and to the two Japanese species.
Abstract: Two new species, Cercyon retius sp. nov. and C. primoricus sp. nov., both belonging to the subgenus Clinocercyon , are described from the Russian Far East. A key to the identification of the six known Palearctic species of the subgenus is given. Both new species are illustrated by photographs of habitus and some morphological characters and by drawings of male genitalia. Within the subgenus Clinocercyon , the new species are most similar to C. conjiciens (Walker) and to the two Japanese species ( C. aequalis Sharp and C. rubicundus Sharp). With the inclusion of these two new species, the fauna of Cercyon in Russia now comprises 47 species from 5 subgenera.
TL;DR: This paper summarizes the distribution, provides a taxonomic bibliography from 1758 to 2002, and lists all available species, generic names, and synonymies of the family Rhinocricidae (Diplopoda: Spirobolida).
Abstract: This paper summarizes the distribution, provides a taxonomic bibliography from 1758 to 2002, and lists all available species, generic names, and synonymies of the family Rhinocricidae (Diplopoda: Spirobolida). At present, there are 528 nominal species and 23 subspecies of Rhinocricidae placed in 27 genera and 3 subgenera. One new combination is proposed: Rhinocricus obesus rubicundus is transferred to Anadenobolus [Anadenobolus obesus rubicundus (Brolemann, 1905)].
TL;DR: P phylogenetic analyses based on different sequences of species of Gobiidae and different methods showed that the classification of O. rubicundus into Odontamblyopus due to morphology is debatable and consistent with Acanthogobius hasta (Gobiidae).
Abstract: Odontamblyopus rubicundus is a species of gobiid fishes, inhabits muddy-bottomed coastal waters. In this paper, the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of O. rubicundus is reported. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence is 17119 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, a control region and an L-strand origin as in other teleosts. Most mitochondrial genes are encoded on H-strand except for ND6 and seven tRNA genes. Some overlaps occur in protein-coding genes and tRNAs ranging from 1 to 7 bp. The possibly nonfunctional L-strand origin folded into a typical stem-loop secondary structure and a conserved motif (5′-GCCGG-3′) was found at the base of the stem within the tRNACys gene. The TAS, CSB-2 and CSB-3 could be detected in the control region. However, in contrast to most of other fishes, the central conserved sequence block domain and the CSB-1 could not be recognized in O. rubicundus, which is consistent with Acanthogobius hasta (Gobiidae). In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on different sequences of species of Gobiidae and different methods showed that the classification of O. rubicundus into Odontamblyopus due to morphology is debatable.
TL;DR: Discovery of this practical soil nesting enhancement for H. rubicundus offers an aesthetically acceptable landscaping technique to promote these bees’ nesting, particularly where pollinator gardens and bee-friendly landscaping is already being provided.
Abstract: Most species of bees nest underground. Recent interest in pollinator-friendly gardens and landscaping focuses on planting suitable flowering species for bees, but we know little about providing for the ground-nesting needs of bees other than leaving them bare dirt surfaces. In this study, a surface layer of decorative flat stream pebbles was experimentally deployed in 24 paired subplots amid a nesting aggregation of the bee Halictus rubicundus. Over 2 years, females consistently preferred to nest amid the pebbles rather than adjacent bare dirt. Species of Halictus and their relatives (Lasioglossum, Dialictus) are widespread native floral generalists found in many urban areas of the northern hemisphere. Discovery of this practical soil nesting enhancement for H. rubicundus offers an aesthetically acceptable landscaping technique to promote these bees’ nesting, particularly where pollinator gardens and bee-friendly landscaping is already being provided.