Topic
Rubefacient
About: Rubefacient is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 32 publications have been published within this topic receiving 349 citations. The topic is also known as: Topical irritation agents & Revulsives.
Papers
TL;DR: The evidence does not support the use of topical rubefacients containing salicylates for acute injuries, and suggests that in chronic conditions their efficacy compares poorly with topical non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Abstract: Background: Rubefacients (containing salicylates or nicotinamides) cause irritation of the skin, and are believed to relieve various musculo-skeletal pains. They are available on prescription, and are common components in over-the-counter remedies. A non-Cochrane review in 2004 found limited evidence for efficacy. Objectives: To review current evidence for efficacy and safety of topically applied rubefacients in acute and chronic painful musculoskeletal conditions in adults. Search strategy: Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Oxford Pain Relief Database, and reference lists of articles were searched; last search December 2008. Selection criteria: Randomised, double blind, placebo or active controlled clinical trials of topical rubefacient for musculoskeletal pain in adults, with at least 10 participants per treatment arm, and reporting outcomes at close to 7 (minimum 3, maximum 10) days for acute conditions and 14 (minimum 7) days or longer for chronic conditions. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and quality, and extracted data. Relative benefit or risk and number needed to treat to benefit or harm (NNT or NNH) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Acute and chronic conditions were analysed separately. Main results: Six placebo and one active controlled studies (560 and 137 participants) in acute pain, and seven placebo and two active controlled studies (489 and 90 participants) in chronic pain were included. All used topical salicylates. The evidence in acute conditions was not robust; using only better quality, valid studies, there was no difference between topical rubefacient and topical control, though overall, including lower quality studies, the NNT for clinical success compared with placebo was 3.2 (95% CI: 2.4 to 4.9). In chronic conditions the NNT was 6.2 (95% CI: 4.0 to 13) compared with topical placebo. Adverse events and withdrawals occurred more often with rubefacients than placebo, but analyses were sensitive to inclusion of individual studies, so not robust. There were insufficient data to draw conclusions against active controls. Authors' conclusions: The evidence does not support the use of topical rubefacients containing salicylates for acute injuries, and suggests that in chronic conditions their efficacy compares poorly with topical non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Topical salicylates seem to be relatively well tolerated in the short-term, based on limited data. There is no evidence at all for topical rubefacients with other components. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
42 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this study was to observe the cutaneous reactions of nicotinic acid (niacin)-furfuryl in various disease states and to carry out clinical experiments related to the mechanism or mechanisms involved.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to observe the cutaneous reactions of nicotinic acid (niacin)-furfuryl in various disease states and to carry out clinical experiments related to the mechanism or mechanisms involved. There is considerable evidence, as will be shown, that a thorough knowledge of this subject might lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. The drug used in this study was the tetrahydrofurfuryl ester of nicotinic acid. Incorporated in an ointment it was first used as a rubefacient in inflammatory joint disease. If a small amount of 5% nicotinic acid furfuryl in a hydrous wool fat (lanolin)-petrolatum base * is rubbed in or simply laid on the skin of normal persons and allowed to remain for 20 to 30 minutes, over 95% react with the production of erythema with or without edema. The reaction is termed "typical." It is also noted in a large
33 citations
Patent•
4 Apr 1991
TL;DR: In this article, a system for improved iontophoretic administration of a drug, by, preferably, topical administration of an active vasodilator, rubefacient, or counter-irritant agent such as capsaicin on the skin at the electrode site, or, iontophonoretically administration of either alpha blocker prior to ion-tophoric administration of the drug, is presented.
Abstract: Methods, formulations, and a system for improved iontophoretic administration of a drug, by, preferably, topical administration of a formulation containing an active vasodilator, rubefacient, or counterirritant agent such as capsaicin on the skin at the electrode site, or, iontophoretic administration of a vasodilator formulation or alpha blocker prior to iontophoretic administration of the drug.
32 citations
Patent•
23 Feb 1994
TL;DR: A method of enhancement of body heat production by application of whole seed of rubefacient mustard herbs of the Brassica genus and of herbs classified in the botanical family Cruciferae, in an anelastic breathable and pliable shell was proposed in this paper.
Abstract: A method of enhancement of body heat production by application of whole seed of rubefacient mustard herbs of the Brassica genus and of herbs classified in the botanical family Cruciferae, in an anelastic breathable and pliable shell, whereby a balance between enhanced body heat production induced by whole seed of rubefacient herbs and heat dissipation is established, providing a steady warming effect without excessive heat build-up A body warmer using the above method, comprising a shell of anelastic breathable and pliable material, divided into chambers containing whole seed of rubefacient herbs, and means of attachment to keep the warmer in place in desired area of human body
30 citations
Patent•
15 Nov 1985TL;DR: In this article, a cosmetic composition is provided which can reduce or eliminate cellulite or fat build-ups on a human body, which includes at least one rubefacient, one oil soluble plant extract, and one volatile organo polysiloxane.
Abstract: A cosmetic composition is provided which can reduce or eliminate cellulite or fat build-ups on a human body. The composition includes at least one rubefacient, at least one oil soluble plant extract, and at least one volatile organo polysiloxane. The ingredients are contained in an oil base which can be of vegetable or animal origin, and mineral oil or even a synthetic oil or any mixture of these oils. The rubefacient substance is generally present in the compound in concentrations ranging from between 0.05 and 5% by weight. The substance which can be used as a rubefacient include capsicum extracts; nicotinic acid salts; nicotinic acid esters; and nicotinyl alcohols. The oil soluble plant extract can be a mixture of ivy, rosemary, ginseng, sage, arnica, Saint Johns wort, marigold, ruscus, ulmaria, orthosiphon and algae in any combination. The organo polysiloxane is generally in concentrations ranging between 10 and 85% by weight.
28 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
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| 2021 | 1 |
| 2016 | 1 |
| 2015 | 2 |
| 2013 | 1 |
| 2012 | 1 |
| 2011 | 1 |