TL;DR: In this paper, three analytical models have been developed for rock bolts: one for bolts subjected to a concentrated pull load in pullout tests, another for bolts installed in uniformly deformed rock masses, and one for bolt subjected to the opening of individual rock joints.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the layout and principle of the D bolt and corresponding results from static, dynamic, and field tests, and show that the bolt length elongates by 14-20% at a load level equal to the strength of the bolt material.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of grouting properties on the ultimate bolt load capacity in a pull-out test has been investigated in order to evaluate the support effect of rock bolts, and a number of empirical formulae have been developed for the calculating of the pullout load capacity of the fully cement-grouted bolts on the basis of the shear strength, the uniaxial compressive strength of the grouting material, the bolt length and the bolt diameter.
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical model is proposed to predict the axial force of grouted rock bolt in the tunnelling design, and the interaction mechanism of the rock bolt and the soft rock mass has been described according to their consistent displacement.
TL;DR: In this article, a static pull test of rebar and D-bolts in a largely deformed mine tunnel showed that the D-bolt behaved satisfactorily, with only a few failed bolts, while a number of the rebar bolts failed at the thread.
Abstract: D-bolt is a type of energy-absorbing rock bolt. It is made of a smooth steel bar with anchors spaced along the bolt length. A typical section between adjacent anchors is approximately 1-m long, but it can be adjusted to adapt to the rock conditions. The bolt is fully encapsulated with either cement or resin grout in a borehole. The anchors are firmly fixed into the grout, while the smooth bolt sections can freely deform to absorb deformation energy. Full-scale static pull tests were carried out at different testing facilities in two laboratories. The tests show that a smooth bolt section between anchors may elongate by 110–167 mm depending on the section length. Field trials of the D-bolt were conducted in deep metal mines. The measurements showed that the D-bolts were equally loaded within every anchor-between section, avoiding load peaks and premature bolt failure due to stress concentrations caused by fracture/joint opening. The field trials of rebar and D-bolts in a largely deformed mine tunnel showed that the D-bolts behaved satisfactorily, with only a few failed bolts, while a number of the rebar bolts failed at the thread.